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Seasonal Variability and Trends of PM10 and PM2.5 Particulate Matter Pollution in Warsaw: A Multi-Year Analysis

Aleksandra Starzomska

Aleksandra Starzomska

Institute of Environmental Protection—National Research InstitutePoland
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Starzomska, Aleksandra
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Joanna Strużewska

Joanna Strużewska

Institute of Environmental Protection—National Research InstitutePoland
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Strużewska, Joanna
  
Dec 05, 2024
Seasonal Variability and Trends of PM10 and PM2.5 Particulate Matter Pollution in Warsaw: A Multi-Year Analysis's Cover Image
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Published Online: Dec 05, 2024
Page range: 26 - 40
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2024-0004
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© 2024 Aleksandra Starzomska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Distribution of measurement stations of the State Environmental Monitoring (PMŚ) department in Warsaw and its surroundings
Distribution of measurement stations of the State Environmental Monitoring (PMŚ) department in Warsaw and its surroundings

Figure 2.

PM10 concentration levels from 2016 to 2021 at the MzWarAlNiepo station
PM10 concentration levels from 2016 to 2021 at the MzWarAlNiepo station

Figure 3.

PM10 concentration level in 2016–2021 at MzWarWokalna station
PM10 concentration level in 2016–2021 at MzWarWokalna station

Figure 4.

PM2.5 concentration levels from 2016 to 2021 at MzWarAlNiepo station
PM2.5 concentration levels from 2016 to 2021 at MzWarAlNiepo station

Figure 5.

PM2.5 concentration levels from 2016 to 2021 at MzPiasPulask station
PM2.5 concentration levels from 2016 to 2021 at MzPiasPulask station

Figure 6.

PM2.5 concentration level in 2016–2021 at MzLegZegrzyn station
PM2.5 concentration level in 2016–2021 at MzLegZegrzyn station

Figure 7.

Exceedances of the permissible annual average concentration of PM10 dust from 2016 to 2021 in μg/m3
Exceedances of the permissible annual average concentration of PM10 dust from 2016 to 2021 in μg/m3

Figure 8.

Exceedances of the permissible annual average concentration of PM2.5 dust in 2016–2021 in μg/m3
Exceedances of the permissible annual average concentration of PM2.5 dust in 2016–2021 in μg/m3

Figure 9.

Number of days with exceedances of the 24-hour average value of PM10 dust in μg/m3
Number of days with exceedances of the 24-hour average value of PM10 dust in μg/m3

Figure 10.

Statistical analysis with PM10 correlation
Statistical analysis with PM10 correlation

Figure 11.

Statistical analysis with PM2.5 correlation
Statistical analysis with PM2.5 correlation

PM10 Monthly Median and IQR at the stations MzWarAlNiepo and MzWarWokalna

Month MzWarAlNiepo MzWarWokalna
Median [µg/m3] IQR [µg/m3] Median [µg/m3] IQR [µg/m3]
I 48.61 8.37 38.16 14.75
II 48.57 14.98 34.42 16.13
III 54.55 12.17 31.59 9.8
IV 46.23 4.92 27.76 5.35
V 35.05 4.06 22.57 7.31
VI 35.09 5.62 21.33 0.76
VII 31.42 2.83 19.21 2.66
VIII 31.3 1.82 19.84 6.14
IX 36.14 4.28 22.88 6.7
X 37.27 1.77 28.71 3.87
XI 39.05 10.24 32.01 10.84
XII 36.94 5.25 28.9 6.2

PM2_5 monthly mean concentrations for the period 2016–2021 at stations MzPiasPulask, MzWarAlNiepo and MzLegZegrzyn

Station Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
MzPiasPulask 2016 48.19 27.60 30.86 21.97 14.75 14.77 13.54 15.56 19.95 22.13 31.80 35.27
2017 64.64 46.92 31.27 18.89 14.84 10.73 10.89 11.46 12.67 19.15 28.93 30.31
2018 32.02 41.94 37.75 21.82 14.09 12.20 12.25 13.01 16.53 28.66 42.69 28.56
2019 37.81 31.53 21.54 21.01 14.01 10.78 8.51 10.32 14.16 22.17 23.75 25.68
2020 27.84 16.10 23.89 16.14 11.37 10.49 8.45 9.45 12.80 18.61 22.62 22.09
2021 35.04 38.64 25.28 16.58 8.73 12.05 11.80 9.11 11.29 18.10 22.41 25.40
average 40.93 33.79 28.43 19.40 12.96 11.84 10.91 11.49 14.57 21.47 28.70 27.88
stdev 12.31 10.16 5.46 2.38 2.22 1.47 1.89 2.24 2.90 3.59 7.15 4.19
stdev/average 0.30 0.30 0.19 0.12 0.17 0.12 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.17 0.25 0.15
MzWarAlNiepo 2016 43.67 26.87 30.22 23.49 18.22 14.50 13.51 14.88 22.51 25.75 36.53 36.94
2017 54.31 44.08 33.42 21.11 18.60 14.51 15.96 17.02 18.16 26.52 35.86 32.10
2018 33.26 41.08 39.94 23.75 14.25 14.05 13.98 14.31 17.01 25.86 34.40 29.08
2019 36.02 35.61 26.49 25.93 19.60 17.24 15.25 16.68 20.02 28.46 26.91 26.80
2020 27.00 16.31 23.21 16.10 12.75 13.43 10.71 11.61 15.50 21.74 24.98 24.35
2021 32.45 37.39 25.88 18.46 12.03 15.23 15.76 12.91 14.65 18.93 23.30 26.65
average 37.79 33.56 29.86 21.47 15.91 14.83 14.20 14.57 17.97 24.54 30.33 29.32
stdev 8.91 9.39 5.56 3.34 3.00 1.21 1.79 1.92 2.68 3.21 5.41 4.16
stdev/average 0.24 0.28 0.19 0.16 0.19 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.18 0.14
MzLegZegrzyn 2016 54.74 29.26 38.69 23.74 17.07 12.77 11.08 12.66 19.81 22.54 36.59 39.51
2017 61.87 40.20 29.50 16.94 12.75 10.24 10.94 12.91 13.62 16.19 23.70 24.41
2018 33.22 47.98 38.78 19.18 12.12 11.00 11.80 14.04 15.53 29.81 36.53 29.16
2019 35.83 30.73 21.54 23.47 14.33 10.70 8.02 9.90 14.11 27.12 27.98 27.96
2020 28.51 18.43 29.43 18.70 10.79 10.35 7.83 9.41 12.68 22.09 24.57 24.09
2021 36.52 40.68 26.28 17.10 9.29 11.41 12.52 8.93 11.78 18.18 24.83 30.48
average 41.78 34.54 30.70 19.86 12.72 11.08 10.36 11.31 14.59 22.65 29.03 29.27
stdev 12.14 9.59 6.27 2.77 2.50 0.85 1.80 1.96 2.61 4.71 5.49 5.14
stdev/average 0.29 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.08 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.19 0.18

PM10 monthly mean concentrations for the period 2016–2021 at stations MzWarAlNiepo and MzWarWokalna

Station Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
MzWarAlNiepo 2016 53.65 38.18 48.54 46.63 37.80 34.90 28.89 31.30 54.95 33.41 45.39 45.38
2017 68.63 55.54 62.93 37.02 37.04 31.37 30.95 32.11 27.44 37.90 44.47 39.44
2018 44.52 58.63 62.46 53.07 37.29 38.21 32.44 34.25 35.66 42.75 44.56 37.09
2019 42.83 53.34 49.03 47.38 34.49 32.93 30.28 30.88 30.60 35.85 29.19 30.57
2020 38.52 28.32 48.40 49.80 32.72 27.74 27.82 29.82 35.07 36.40 37.40 32.60
2021 43.50 57.42 55.93 43.49 30.98 45.40 38.11 29.47 33.13 37.33 33.27 36.59
average 48.61 48.57 54.55 46.23 35.05 35.09 31.42 31.30 36.14 37.27 39.05 36.94
stdev 10.03 11.32 6.31 5.06 2.54 5.61 3.33 1.58 8.86 2.83 6.24 4.78
stdev/average 0.21 0.23 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.25 0.08 0.16 0.13
MzWarWokalna 2016 46.12 29.20 32.95 29.05 23.96 20.00 17.23 18.41 26.38 22.29 31.96 34.23
2017 56.38 45.69 36.25 25.30 27.40 20.79 20.67 24.00 22.81 30.10 37.25 33.17
2018 38.00 46.30 45.04 35.72 29.43 27.43 25.20 24.96 30.99 42.94 47.62 31.43
2019 28.03 27.59 22.13 31.27 17.73 19.05 14.12 16.81 15.11 25.26 22.33 21.21
2020 28.46 18.32 28.49 25.57 23.74 20.69 19.17 21.41 24.10 26.30 29.21 26.95
2021 31.96 39.43 24.67 19.67 13.15 20.01 18.87 13.43 17.88 25.35 23.71 26.39
average 38.16 34.42 31.59 27.76 22.57 21.33 19.21 19.84 22.88 28.71 32.01 28.90
stdev 10.25 10.22 7.65 5.06 5.56 2.79 3.37 4.05 5.24 6.77 8.58 4.51
stdev/average 0.27 0.30 0.24 0.18 0.25 0.13 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.16

Statistical analysis of stations measuring PM10 dust concentrations

Year Correlation SD MzWarAlNiepo SD MzWarWokalna
SD mean SD mean
2016 0.556 26.10 41.64 16.23 27.51
2017 0.774 29.91 42.05 21.76 31.68
2018 0.654 25.54 42.88 20.79 35.52
2019 0.631 20.26 37.30 13.40 21.88
2020 0.573 21.45 35.37 16.41 24.56
2021 0.589 27.72 40.3 16.82 22.91

Monitoring stations analyzed in the Warsaw agglomeration

Name of station Location Location Type Pollution Sampling frequency
Latitude Longitude
MzWarAlNiepo Warsaw, Niepodległości 227/233 52.22 21.00 communication PM2.5 PM10 1h
MzPiasPulask Piastów, Pułaskiego 6/8 52.19 20.84 suburban background PM2.5 - 1h
MzLegZegrzyn Legionowo, Zegrzyńska 38 52.41 20.96 suburban background PM2.5 - 1h
MzWarWokalna Warsaw, Wokalna 1 52.16 21.03 urban background - PM10 1h

PM2_5 Monthly Median and IQR at the stations MzPiasPulask, MzWarAlNiepo, and MzLegZegrzyn

Month MzPiasPulask MzWarAlNiepo MzLegZegrzyn
Median [µg/m3] IQR [µg/m3] Median [µg/m3] IQR [µg/m3] Median [µg/m3] IQR [µg/m3]
I 40.93 12.82 37.79 9.1 41.78 12.79
II 33.79 12.53 33.56 11.1 34.54 7.2
III 28.43 6.93 29.86 6.59 30.7 6.14
IV 19.4 4.46 21.47 4.56 19.86 5.58
V 12.96 2.56 15.91 5.38 12.72 2.9
VI 11.84 1.42 14.83 0.89 11.08 2.88
VII 10.91 3.03 14.2 2.01 10.36 2.48
VIII 11.49 2.96 14.57 2.97 11.31 1.88
IX 14.57 3.23 17.97 3.68 14.59 2.84
X 21.47 3.42 24.54 3.61 22.65 4.77
XI 28.7 8.18 30.33 10.03 29.03 5.34
XII 27.88 4.4 29.32 4.66 29.27 5.14

Statistical analysis of stations measuring PM2_5 concentrations

Year correlation MzWarAlNiepo-MzLegZegrzyn correlation MzWarAlNiepo-MzPiasPulask MzLegZegrzyn-MzPiasPulask correlation MzWarAlNiepo MzLegZegrzyn MzPiasPulask
SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean
2016 0.778 0.700 0.747 27.61 25.55 19.06 26.38 16.57 24.69
2017 0.776 0.724 0.865 28.22 27.57 26.61 23.06 20.03 25.07
2018 0.746 0.722 0.753 25.93 24.86 21.46 24.77 17.37 25.01
2019 0.796 0.783 0.800 18.77 24.65 15.77 21.07 13.25 19.67
2020 0.813 0.775 0.760 16.59 18.08 13.42 17.92 11.29 16.6
2021 0.845 0.784 0.873 20.94 21.05 17.28 20.66 15.02 19.46
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