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Growth pattern, mortality and reproductive biology of common sole, Solea solea (Linneaus, 1758), in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

Abdullah Ekrem Kahraman
Abdullah Ekrem Kahraman
, 
Taner Yıldız
Taner Yıldız
, 
Uğur Uzer
Uğur Uzer
 and 
Özgür Çanak
Özgür Çanak
   | Dec 03, 2021
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Article Category: Original research paper
Published Online: Dec 03, 2021
Page range: 398 - 410
Received: Apr 29, 2021
Accepted: Jul 02, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0034
Keywords
© 2021 Abdullah Ekrem Kahraman et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Monthly length–frequency distribution for females and males of S. solea
Monthly length–frequency distribution for females and males of S. solea

Figure 2

Seasonally oscillating growth curve generated from length–frequency distribution for S. solea
Seasonally oscillating growth curve generated from length–frequency distribution for S. solea

Figure 3

Monthly changes in the mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) by sex of S. solea from the Sea of Marmara
Monthly changes in the mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) by sex of S. solea from the Sea of Marmara

Figure 4

Micrographs from cross-sections of immature or virgin gonads, Phase II – Developing (ovaries begin to develop, but are not ready to spawn); Phase III – Spawning capable (fish are developmentally and physiologically capable of spawning); Phase IV – Regressing (cessation of spawning) with hydrated oocytes (HYD); Phase V – Regenerating (characterized by thick ovarian wall); CA = cortical alveolar; GVBD = germinal vesicle breakdown; OW: ovarian wall; POF = postovulatory follicle complex; VTG3 = tertiary vitellogenic
Micrographs from cross-sections of immature or virgin gonads, Phase II – Developing (ovaries begin to develop, but are not ready to spawn); Phase III – Spawning capable (fish are developmentally and physiologically capable of spawning); Phase IV – Regressing (cessation of spawning) with hydrated oocytes (HYD); Phase V – Regenerating (characterized by thick ovarian wall); CA = cortical alveolar; GVBD = germinal vesicle breakdown; OW: ovarian wall; POF = postovulatory follicle complex; VTG3 = tertiary vitellogenic

Figure 5

Maturity ogives for males (upper) and females (lower) by total length (TL) for S. solea
Maturity ogives for males (upper) and females (lower) by total length (TL) for S. solea

Figure 6

Scatter plot and regional groupings in terms of log(Linf) and log (k) distributions for S. solea
Scatter plot and regional groupings in terms of log(Linf) and log (k) distributions for S. solea

Figure 7

Spawning season of S. solea in different studies from the Mediterranean Sea
Spawning season of S. solea in different studies from the Mediterranean Sea

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters calculated for S. solea

Sex N K to L∞
Pooled 580 0.48 −0.18 33.7
F 248 0.37 −0.49 35.8
M 294 0.57 0.03 31.3

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L∞ – asymptotic mean length; k – growth rate; t0 – hypothetic age at zero length) and growth performance index values (Φ′) obtained in different areas for S. solea

L∞ (cm) K (1/y) to (years) Ø′ Sex Locality Reference
Eastern Atlantic
34.2 0.35 −1.3 2.62 M Dutch ports De Veen 1976
35.6 0.38 −0.5 2.68 F Dutch ports De Veen 1976
36.9 0.28 −2.3 2.58 F Dutch ports De Veen 1976
37.4 0.31 – 2.64 M + F North Sea Nielsen 1972
39.0 0.4 – 2.78 M + F North Sea Beverton & Holt 1959
39.6 0.35 −0.8 2.74 F Dutch ports De Veen 1976
42.4 0.39 0.09 2.85 M Bay of Biscay Deniel 1990
48.2 0.32 0.08 2.88 F Bay of Biscay Deniel 1990
49.8 0.13 – 2.51 M + F Celtic Sea Jennings et al. 1998
Central and Western Mediterranean Sea
37.9 0.504 −5.36 2.86 F Adriatic Sea Froglia & Giannetti 1986
38.3 0.492 −3.57 2.86 M + F Adriatic Sea Froglia & Giannetti 1985
40.1 0.68 – 3.04 M + F Adriatic Sea Piccinetti & Giovanardi 1984
39.6 0.44 −0.46 2.84 M + F Northern Adriatic Colloca et al. 2013
35.8 0.41 – 2.72 M + F Tyrrhenian Sea Wurtz & Matricardi 2020
48.8 0.24 −0.77 2.76 M + F Gulf of Lion Vianet et al. 1989
47.2 0.274 – 2.79 F Gulf of Lion Girardin et al. 1986
38.8 0.24 −1.09 2.56 M Castellon coast Ramos 1982
46.4 0.22 −0.75 2.68 F Castellon coast Ramos 1982
Eastern Mediterranean Sea
26.0 0.221 −1.31 2.17 M Iskenderun Bay Türkmen 2003
29.9 0.181 −1.55 2.21 F
30.0 0.33 −1.51 2.47 M + F Bardawil Lagoon El-Gammal et al. 1994
Aegean Sea
31.1 0.33 −1.04 2.5 M Aegean Sea Hoşsucu et al. 1999
42.5 0.17 −1.96 2.49 F
30.21 0.19 −0,26 2.24 M Aegean Sea Cerim & Ateş 2020
36.95 0.23 −0,03 2.50 F
34.9 0.38 −0.41 2.67 M + F Amvrakikos Gulf Stergiou et al. 1997
Sea of Marmara
28.63 0.62 −0.91 2.71 M Sea of Marmara Oral 1996
35.79 0.72 −1.06 2.96 F
31.3 0.57 0.03 2.74 M Sea of Marmara This study
35.8 0.37 −0.49 2.67 F

Parameters of the length–weight relationship (W = a TLb) for all samples, females (F), males (M) and unidentified specimens of S. solea

a b R2 Growth type
Pooled 0.022 2.6838 0.9456 Negative Allometric
F 0.0349 2.5536 0.9032
M 0.0253 2.6235 0.934
Unidentified 0.0201 2.7179 0.941

Mortality rates and exploitation ratio for S. solea from different geographical areas in the Mediterranean Basin

Z F M E Fishing technique Region Reference
2.49 1.83 0.66 0.73 – Egypt Mehanna & Salem 2012
1.7 1.18 0.52 0.69 gillnet Egypt Mehanna et al. 2015
1.32 8.2 0.5 0.6 bottom trawl Iskenderun Bay Türkmen 2003
0.97 0.66 0.31 0.68 gillnet Güllük Bay Cerim & Ateş 2019a
1.42 1.01 0.47 0.68 beam trawl & gillnet Sea of Marmara this study

Length–weight relationships for S. solea in different areas

a b Sex Length (cm) Length R2 N Locality References
Eastern Atlantic
0.005 3.20 M + F 10.0–42.0 – 0.975 334 North Sea Froese & Sampang 2013
0.0071 3.095 M + F 21.0–43.0 TL 0.954 325 North Sea coast of Germany Duncker 1923
0.0048 3.175 M + F 2.0–59.0 TL 0.998 5804 Bay of Biscay Dorel 1986
0.0039 3.264 M + F 3.0–49.0 TL 1.000 3,799 East and West Channel Dorel 1986
0.0036 3.313 M + F 11.0–29.0 TL – 13 German Bight & Clyde Coull et al. 1989
0.0046 3.21 M + F – – – 518 Douarnenez Bay, Brittany Deniel 1984
0.004 3.251 M + F 9.0–49.0 TL – 945 North–eastern Atlantic Mahé et al. 2018
0.0078 3.08 M + F 10.5–38.9 TL 0.969 – Arade Estuary, Central Algarve Veiga et al. 2009
0.0071 3.092 M + F 20.5–46.0 TL 0.908 58 Nazaré to St André Mendes et al. 2004
Central and Western Mediterranean Sea
0.0086 2.99 F – TL – – Gulf of Lion Campillo 1992
0.0109 2.94 M – TL – –
0.0062 3.04 M + F 5.0–45.0 TL 0.980 561 Gulf of Lion Vianet et al. 1989
0.0106 3.062 M + F 6.5–25.0 SL 0.981 82 Acquitina, Italy Maci et al. 2009
0.0019 3.453 M + F 19.8–32.5 TL 0.946 2,130 Northern Adriatic Dulčić & Glamuzina 2006
0.01 2.96 M + F 15.0–45.0 TL 0.932 406 French Catalan Coast Crec’hriou et al. 2013
Eastern Mediterranean Sea
0.049 2.35 Juvenile 11.2–24.4 TL 0.980 13 Iskenderun Bay Gökçe et al. 2010
0.0117 2.988 M 8.8–25.0 TL 0.922 550 Iskenderun Bay Türkmen 2003
0.0091 3.077 F 10.5–28.2 TL 0.947 533
Aegean Sea
0.0098 3.002 Juvenile 11.0–22.1 TL 0.988 21 Porto-Lagos Koutrakis & Tsikliras 2003
0.0023 3.369 M + F 18.6–33.7 TL 0.920 171 Aegean Sea Bilge et al. 2014
0.0088 3.024 M 3.1–29.0 TL 0.9925 529 Güllük Bay Cerim 2017
0.007 3.1013 F 7.1–37.0 TL 0.9866 607
Sea of Marmara
0.0043 3.171 Juvenile 6.9–16.0 TL 0.928 55 Sea of Marmara Bök et al. 2011
0.0183 2.727 M 13.0–27.0 TL – 206 Sea of Marmara Oral 1996
0.0011 3.674 F 13.0–34.0 TL – 218
0.0253 2.6235 M 11.8–27.8 TL 0.9 294 Sea of Marmara This study
0.0349 2.5536 F 12.6–29.5 TL 0.934 248

Length at the onset of sexual maturity (cm) for S. solea from different studies

Lm Sex Country Region Study
18.8 M + F Germany North Sea Froese & Sampang 2013
22.0 M France Bay of Biscay Dorel 1986
24.8 M + F UK North Sea Jennings et al. 1998
26.0 M + F North Sea Rijnsdorp & Vethaak 1997
27.0 M + F Holland Dutch ports De Veen 1976
28.0 F France East and West Channel Dorel 1986
29.0 M + F UK Celtic Sea Anonymous 2001
30.0 M + F Holland Dutch ports De Veen 1976
31.0 F France Bay of Biscay Dorel 1986
32.0 F France Douarnenez Bay, Brittany Deniel 1990
20.8 F Turkey Aegean Sea Kinacigil et al. 2008
22.7 M
20.4 F Turkey Güllük Bay Cerim & Ateş 2019b
21.5 F Turkey Sea of Marmara this study
18.6 M

Length-at-age key for all samples of S. solea based on otolith age readings

Length class (cm) Age (years) Total
1 2 3
11 6 6
12 9 9
13 18 18
14 16 16
15 13 13
16 10 10
17 3 3
18 5 3 8
19 16 16
20 38 38
21 77 77
22 111 111
23 52 29 81
24 67 67
25 47 47
26 19 19
27 15 15
28 9 9
29 4 4
Total 80 297 190 567
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