[1. Baklanov, A., Molina, L. T., & Gauss, M. (2016). Megacities, air quality and climate. Atmos. Environ., 126, 235–249. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.059.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.059]Search in Google Scholar
[2. World Human Organization. (2016). Urban Ambient Air Pollution database – Update 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2019, from www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities-2016/en/.]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., Apel, E., de Foy, B., Fast, J., Ferrare, R., Herndon, S., Jimenez, J. L., Lamb, B., Osornio-Vargas, A. R., Russell, P., Schauer, J. J., Stevens, P. S., Volkamer, R., & Zavala, M. (2010). An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8697–8760. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-8697-2010.10.5194/acp-10-8697-2010]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Guo, S., Hu, M., Zamora, M. L., Peng, J., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Du, Z., Wu, Z., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Molina, M. J., & Zhang, R. (2014). Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China. PNAS, 111(49), 17373–17378. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419604111.10.1073/pnas.1419604111]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Zou, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Koo, J. -H. (2017). Arctic sea ice, Eurasia snow, and extreme winter haze in China. Sci. Adv., 3(3), e1602751. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602751.10.1126/sciadv.1602751]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Fang, G. -C., Wu, Y. -S., Huang, S. -H., & Rau, J. -Y. (2005). Review of atmospheric metallic elements in Asia during 2000–2004. Atmos. Environ., 39(17), 3003–3013. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.042.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.042]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Rodriguez, S., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., & la Rosa, J. D. (2007). Atmospheric particulate matter and air quality in the Mediterranean: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett., 5(1), 1–7. DOI: 10.1007/s10311-006-0071-0.10.1007/s10311-006-0071-0]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Cuccia, E., Massabo, D., Ariola, V., Bove, M. C., Fermo, P., Piazzalunga, A., & Prati, P. (2013). Size-resolved comprehensive characterization of airborne particulate matter. Atmos. Environ., 67, 14–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.045.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.045]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Lammel, G., Rohrl, A., & Schreiber, H. (2002). Atmospheric lead and bromine in Germany. Post abatement levels, variabilities and trends. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 9(6), 397–404. DOI: 10.1007/BF02987589.10.1007/BF02987589]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Vallius, M., Janssen, N. A. H., Heinrich, J., Hoek, G., Ruuskanen, J., Cyrys, J., Van Grieken, R., de Hartog, J. J., Kreyling, W. G., & Pekkanen, J. (2005). Sources and elemental composition of ambient PM2.5 in three European cities. Sci. Total Environ., 337(1/3), 147–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.018.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.018]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Pant, P., & Harrison, R. M. (2013). Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements. A review. Atmos. Environ., 77, 78–97. DOI: 10.1016/j. atmosenv.2013.04.028.]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Chueinta, W., Hopke, P. K., & Paatero, P. (2000). Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at urban and suburban residential areas in Thailand by positive matrix factorization. Atmos. Environ., 34(20), 3319–3329. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00433-1.10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00433-1]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Amato, F., Alastuey, A., Karanasiou, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Calzolai, G., Severi, M., Becagli, S., Gianelle, V. L., Colombi, C., Alves, C., Custodio, D., Nunes, T., Cerqueira, M., Pio, C., Eleftheriadis, K., Diapouli, E., Reche, C., Cruz Minguillon, M., Manousakas, M. I., Maggos, T., Vratolis, S., Harrison, R. M., & Querol, X. (2016). AIRUSE-LIVE+: a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3289–3309. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016.10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Samek, L., Stegowski, Z., Furman, L., Styszko, K., Szramowiat, K., & Fiedor, J. (2017). Quantitative assessment of PM2.5 sources and their seasonal variation in Krakow. Water Air Soil Pollut., 228, 290. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-017-3483-5.10.1007/s11270-017-3483-5552250528794573]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Crow, D., Lowental, D. H., & Merrifield, T. (2001). Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 34(1), 23–34. DOI: 10.1080/02786820119073.10.1080/02786820119073]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Górka, M., Rybicki, M., Simoneit, B. R. T., & Mary-nowski, L. (2014). Determination of multiple organic matter sources in aerosol PM10 from Wrocław, Poland using molecular and stable carbon isotope compositions. Atmos. Environ., 89, 739–748. DOI: 10.1016/j. atmosenv.2014.02.064.]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Aguilera, J., & Whigham, L. D. (2018). Using the 13C/12C isotope ratio to characterize the emission sources of airborne particulate matter: a review of literature. Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 54(6), 573–587. DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2018.1531854.10.1080/10256016.2018.153185430326739]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Currie, L. A. (2000). Evolution of multidisciplinary frontiers of 14C aerosol science. Radiocarbon, 42(1), 115–126. DOI: 10.1017/S003382220005308X.10.1017/S003382220005308X]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Heal, M. R. (2014). The application of carbon-14 analyses to the source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter: a review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 406, 81–98. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7404-1.10.1007/s00216-013-7404-124136253]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Szidat, S., Jenk, T., Gäggeler, H., Synal, H. -A., Fisseha, R., Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Samburova, V., Reimann, S., Kasper-Giebl, A., & Hajdas, I. (2004). Radiocarbon (14C)-deduced biogenic and anthropogenic contributions to organic carbon (OC) of urban aerosols from Zürich, Switzerland. Atmos. Environ., 38, 4035–4044. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.066.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.066]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Zotter, P., El-Haddad, I., Zhang, Y., Hayes, P. L., Zhang, X., Lin, Y. -H., Wacker, L., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Abbaszade, G., Zimmermann, R., Surratt, J. D., Weber, R., Jimenez, J. L., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., & Prévôt, A. S. H. (2014). Diurnal cycle of fossil and nonfossil carbon using radiocarbon analyses during CalNex. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 6818–6835. DOI: 10.1002/2013JD021114.10.1002/2013JD021114]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Zhang, Y. -L., Huang, R. -J., El Haddad, I., Ho, K. -F., Cao, J. -J., Han, Y., Zotter, P., Bozzetti, C., Daellenbach, K. R., Canonaco, F., Slowik, J. G., Salazar, G., Szwikowski, M., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Abbaszade, G., Zimmermann, R., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., & Szidat, S. (2015). Fossil vs. non-fossil sources of fine carbonaceous aerosols in four Chinese cities during the extreme winter haze episode of 2013. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1299–1312. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-1299-2015.10.5194/acp-15-1299-2015]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Dusek, U., Hitzenberger, R., Kasper-Giebl, A., Kistler, M., Meijer, H. A. J., Szidat, S., Wacker, L., Holzinger, R., & Röckmann, T. (2017). Sources and formation mechanisms of carbonaceous aerosol at a regional background site in the Netherlands: insights from a year-long radiocarbon study. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3233–3251. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-3233-2017.10.5194/acp-17-3233-2017]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Garbaras, A., Šapolaitė, J., Garbarienė, I., Ežerinskis, Z., Mašalaite-Nalivaikė, A., Skipitytė, R., Plukis, A., & Remeikis, V. (2018). Aerosol source (biomass, traffic and coal emission) apportionment in Lithuania using stable carbon and radiocarbon analysis. Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 54(5), 463–474. DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2018.1509074.10.1080/10256016.2018.150907430114951]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Samek, L. (2012). Source apportionment of the PM10 fraction of particulate matter collected in Krakow, Poland. Nukleonika, 57(4), 601–606.]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Samek, L., Zwozdziak, A., & Sowka, I. (2013). Chemical characterization and source identification of Particulate Matter PM10 in a rural and an urban site in Poland. Environ. Prot. Eng., 39(4), 91–103. DOI: 10.5277/epe130408.]Search in Google Scholar
[27. World Health Organization. (2005). WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global update 2005. Summary of risk assessment. WHO.]Search in Google Scholar
[28. European Union. (2008). Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal of the European Union, 11.6.2008, L 152. Available from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0050.]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection. (2017). Air quality portal – PM10 data from Krakow; Air quality stations for the period 2005–2015. Warszawa: CIEP. Retrieved July 30, 2019, from http://powietrze.gios.gov.pl. (in Polish).]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Bajorek-Zydroń, K., & Wężyk, P. (Eds.). (2016). Atlas pokrycia terenu i przewietrzania Krakowa (Atlas of land cover and ventilation of Krakow). Krakow: Urząd Miasta Krakowa. Available from http://geo.ur.krakow.pl/download/pobierz.php?file=publikacje/literatura/Wezyk_Atlas_2016_tekst.pdf.]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Statistical Office of Poland. (2017). Statistical Office of Poland information portal – Transport and communication in Kraków; vehicles. Retrieved July 30, 2019, from http://bdl.stat.gov.pl. (in Polish).]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Zimnoch, M., Wach, P., Chmura, L., Gorczyca, Z., Rozanski, K., Godlowska, J., Mazur, J., Kozak, K., & Jeričević, A. (2014). Factors controlling temporal variability of near-ground atmospheric 222Rn concentration over central Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14(18), 9567–9581. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-9567-2014.10.5194/acp-14-9567-2014]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Holynska, B., Najman, J., Ostachowicz, B., Ostachowicz, J., Trabska, J., & Wegrzynek, D. (1996). Analytical application of multifunctional system of EDXRF. J. Trace Microprobe Tech., 14(1), 119–130.]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Vekemans, B., Janssens, K., Vincze, L., Adams, F., & Van Espen, P. (1994). Analysis of X-ray spectra by iterative least squares (AXIL). New developments. X-Ray Spectrom., 23(6), 278–285. DOI: 10.1002/xrs.1300230609.10.1002/xrs.1300230609]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Major, I., Furu, E., Janovics, R., Hajdas, I., Kertész, Zs., & Molnár, M. (2012). Method development for the 14C measurement of atmospheric aerosols. Acta Phys. Debrecina, XLVI, 83–95.]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Mook, W. G., & van der Plicht, J. (1999). Reporting 14C activities and concentrations. Radiocarbon, 41(3), 227–239. DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200057106.10.1017/S0033822200057106]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Kuc, T., Rozanski, K., Zimnoch, M., Necki, J., Chmura, L., & Jelen, D. (2007). Two decades of regular observations of 14CO2 and 13CO2 content in atmospheric carbon dioxide in central Europe: long-term changes of regional anthropogenic fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Radiocarbon, 49(2), 807–816. DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200042685.10.1017/S0033822200042685]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Kuc, T. (1991). Concentration and carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 in southern Poland. Tellus B, 43(5), 373–378. DOI: 10.3402/tellusb. v43i5.15411.]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Florkowski, T., Grabczak, J., Kuc, T., & Rozanski, K. (1975). Determination of radiocarbon in water by gas or liquid scintillation counting. Nukleonika, 20(11/12), 1053–1066.]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Levin, I., Schuchard, J., Kromer, B., & Münnich, K. O. (1989). The continental European Suess effect. Radiocarbon, 31(3), 431–440. DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200012017.10.1017/S0033822200012017]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Levin, I., Naegler, T., Kromer, B., Diehl, M., Francey, R., Gomez-Pelaez, A., Steele, P., Wagenbach, D., Weller, R., & Worthy, D. (2010). Observations and modeling of the global distribution and long-term trend of atmospheric 14CO2. Tellus B, 62(1), 26–46. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00446.x.10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00446.x]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Zimnoch, M., Jelen, D., Galkowski, M., Kuc, T., Necki, J., Chmura, L., Gorczyca, Z., Jasek, A., & Rozanski, K. (2012). Partitioning of atmospheric carbon dioxide over Central Europe: insights from combined measurements of CO2 mixing ratios and their carbon isotope composition. Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 48(3), 421–433. DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2012.663368.10.1080/10256016.2012.66336822472094]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Mazzei, F., D’Alessandro, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Prati, P., Valli, G., & Vecchi, R. (2008). Characterization of particulate matter sources in an urban environment. Sci. Total Environ., 401(1/3), 81–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.008.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.00818486189]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D., Stenstrőm, K., Puxbaum, H., & Svendby, T. (2011). Source apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol in Norway – quantitative estimates based on 14C, thermal-optical and organic tracer analysis. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(17), 9375–9394. DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-9375-2011.10.5194/acp-11-9375-2011]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Huang, J., Kang, S., Shen, C., Cong, Z., Liu, K., Wang, W., & Liu, L. (2010). Seasonal variations and sources of ambient fossil and biogenic-derived carbonaceous aerosols based on 14C measurements in Lhasa, Tibet. Atmos. Res., 96(4), 553–559. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.01.003.10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.01.003]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Vivaldo, G., Masi, E., Taiti, C., Caldarelli, G., & Mancuso, S. (2017). The network of plants volatile organic compounds. Sci. Rep., 7, 11050. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10975-x.10.1038/s41598-017-10975-x559122928887468]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Sensuła, B., & Pazdur, A. (2013). Stable carbon isotopes of glucose received from pine tree-rings as bioindicators of local industrial emission of CO2 in Niepołomice Forest (1950–2000). Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 49(4), 532–541. DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2013.865026.10.1080/10256016.2013.86502624313374]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Knorre, A. A., Siegwolf, R. T. W., Saurer, M., Sidorova, O. V., Vaganov, E. A., & Kirdianov, A. V. (2010). Twentieth century trends in tree ring stable isotopes (δ13C and δ18O of Larix sibirica under dry conditions in the forest steppe in Siberia. J. Geophys. Res., 115(G3), G03002. DOI: 10.1029/2009JG000930.10.1029/2009JG000930]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Kornilova, A., Huang, L., Saccon, M., & Rudoplh, J. (2016). Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient aromatic volatile organic compounds. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16(18), 11755–11772. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-11755-2016.10.5194/acp-16-11755-2016]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Kanpanon, N., Kesemsap, P., Thaler, P., Kositsup, B., Gay, F., Lacote, R., & Epron, D. (2015). Carbon isotope composition of latex does not reflect temporal variations of photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). Tree Physiol., 35(11), 1166–1175. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv070.10.1093/treephys/tpv07026358051]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Lewan, M. D., & Kotarba, M. J. (2014). Thermal-maturity limit for primary thermogenic-gas generation from humic coals as determined by hydrous pyrolysis. AAPG Bull., 98, 2581–2610. DOI: 10.1306/06021413204.10.1306/06021413204]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Widory, D. (2006). Combustibles, fuels and their combustion products: A view through carbon isotopes. Combust. Theory Model., 10(5), 831–841. DOI: 10.1080/13647830600720264.10.1080/13647830600720264]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Zimnoch, M. (2009). Stable isotope composition of carbon dioxide emitted from anthropogenic sources in the Krakow region. Nukleonika, 54(4), 291–295.]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Mašalaitė, A., Garbaras, A., & Remeikis, V. (2012). Stable isotopes in environmental investigations. Lith. J. Phys., 52(3), 261–268.10.3952/physics.v52i3.2478]Search in Google Scholar