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A broken mirror? From representation to presentation of gender in Scandinavian news media

Anna Karina Kjeldsen

Anna Karina Kjeldsen

Department of Communication, Danish School of Media and Journalism (DMJX)Denmark
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Kjeldsen, Anna Karina
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Line Schmeltz

Line Schmeltz

Department of Communication, Danish School of Media and Journalism (DMJX)Denmark
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Schmeltz, Line
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Jacob V. Simonsen

Jacob V. Simonsen

Sales, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, Business Academy Aarhus (EAAA)Denmark
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Simonsen, Jacob V.
  
Sep 02, 2024
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Published Online: Sep 02, 2024
Page range: 81 - 109
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2024-0005
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© 2024 Anna Karina Kjeldsen et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

FIGURE 1

Gender distribution by mediaComments: Jyllands-Posten (n = 3,171), Ekstra Bladet (n = 1,582), and Dagens Industri (n = 1,510): total (n = 6,263).
Gender distribution by mediaComments: Jyllands-Posten (n = 3,171), Ekstra Bladet (n = 1,582), and Dagens Industri (n = 1,510): total (n = 6,263).

FIGURE 2

Gender distribution by topicComments: n = 6,263. Numerical distribution shows how many men and women appear in each topic. Percentage distribution shows that when men and women appear, what topics they appear in.
Gender distribution by topicComments: n = 6,263. Numerical distribution shows how many men and women appear in each topic. Percentage distribution shows that when men and women appear, what topics they appear in.

FIGURE 3

Gender distribution by source typeComments: n = 6,263
Gender distribution by source typeComments: n = 6,263

FIGURE 4

Distribution of picture category by gender (per cent)Comments: n = 878
Distribution of picture category by gender (per cent)Comments: n = 878

FIGURE 5

Gender distribution of ascribed ethos, logos, and pathos in source descriptions (n)Comments: n = 2,980
Gender distribution of ascribed ethos, logos, and pathos in source descriptions (n)Comments: n = 2,980

FIGURE 6

Gender distribution of ascribed ethos, logos, and pathos in Jyllands-Posten, Ekstra Bladet, and Dagens Industri (per cent)Comments: Jyllands-Posten (n = 1,506), Dagens Industri (n = 504), and Ekstra Bladet (n = 970).
Gender distribution of ascribed ethos, logos, and pathos in Jyllands-Posten, Ekstra Bladet, and Dagens Industri (per cent)Comments: Jyllands-Posten (n = 1,506), Dagens Industri (n = 504), and Ekstra Bladet (n = 970).

FIGURE 7

Gender distribution in citation-verbsComments: n = 3,357
Gender distribution in citation-verbsComments: n = 3,357

Most frequently ascribed informal titles for women and men in Ekstra Bladet, Jyllands-Posten, and Dagens Industri

Ekstra Bladet Jyllands-Posten Dagens Industri
Women Men Women Men Women Men
Mor (9) [Mother] Søn (11) [Son] Hustru (10) [Wife] Dansker (21) [Dane] Designteam (3) [Design team] Grundare (15) [Founder]
Søster (8) [Sister] Boss (6) [Boss] Datter (7) [Daughter] Topchef (14) [Top boss] Tidl. ordförande (2) [Former politi-cal spokesperson] Tidl. vd (5) [Former CEO]
Hustru (7) [Wife] Stjerne (5) [Star] Mor (5) [Mother] Leder (8) [Manager] Tidl. vd (2) [Former CEO] Finansmann (3) [Financier]
Kæreste (3) [Girlfriend] Chef (5) [Executive] Besætningsmedlem (3) [Crew member] Kendt (6) [Celebrity] Designduo (2) [Design duo] Tidl. finansminister (3) [Former Minister for Finance]
Datter (3) [Daughter] Tennisstjerne (4) [Tennis star] Søster (3) [Sister] Besætningsmedlem (5) [Crew member] Bioaktuel (1) [Currently featured in film] Pappa (2) [Father]
Tid. politiker (2) [Former politician] Spiller (3) [Player] Tidl. kirkeminister (3) [Former Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs] Far (5) [Father] Mamma (1) [Mother] Bror (2) [Brother]
Stjerne (2) [Star] Slutrunde-debutant (3) [Finals débutant] Kone (3) [Wife] Medstifter (5) Co-founder] Tidligare FN-ambassadör (1) [Former UN Ambassador] Son (2) [Son]
Enke (2) [Widow] Dømt (3) [Convicted] Kæreste (3) [Girlfriend] Ven (5) [Friend] Tidligere språkrör (1) [Former spokesperson] Styrelsesproffs (2) [Professional Board Members]
Løvinde (2) [Lioness] Kæreste (3) [Girlfriend] Tidligere minister(2) [Former Minister] Japaner (4) [Japanese] Kinekännare (1) [China expert] Tidligare statssekretare (2) [Former Secretary of State]
X-faktorværtinde(1) [X Factor hostess] Bankboss (3) [Bank boss] Kvinde (2) [Woman] Tidligere præsident (4) [Former President] Hedgefond-investara (1) [Hedge Fund Investors] Expert (2) [Expert]

j_njms-2024-0005_tab_003

Paper type Danish Norwegian Swedish Time period
Tabloid Ekstra Bladet Dagbladet Aftonbladet 7 + 13–19 January
Broadsheet Jyllands-Posten Aftenposten Svenska Dag-bladet 14–20 January
Specialised Børsen Dagens Næringsliv Dagens ndustri 14–20 January

Coding categories

Unit Overall code Coding categories (individual registration = no predefined category)
Representation Pictures on front page Gender Male subject/source / Female subject/source/ No identifiable person in picture
Pictures in all content Gender Male subject/source / Female subject/source / No identifiable person in picture
Individual identifiable source Name Individual registration
Gender Male / Female
Date Individual registration
News genre News / Interview / Background- / Reportage-feature / Portrait-profile / Interview / Review / Other
Topic area Politics / Business / Economy / Society / Climate / Lifestyle / Culture / Health / Celebrities / Diversity / Sports / Criminal
Subject/source type Subject: Mentioned Source; Expert / Spokesperson / Experience / Commentator
Number of citations Registered
Type of citations Direct / Indirect / Not cited
Presentation Individual identifiable source Visual presentation of source, person is depicted Alone-active / Alone-passive / In a group-active / In a group-passive
Assigned formal titles Individual registration
Assigned informal titles Individual registration
Assigned agency: the verb used to frame a direct or indirect quote Individual registration
Ethos / Logos / Pathos Individual registration

j_njms-2024-0005_tab_004

Country Newspaper Women (%) Men (%) Difference (%)
Denmark Ekstra Bladet 21 79 58
Jyllands-Posten 24 76 52
Børsen 24 76 52
Norway Dagbladet 29 71 42
Aftenposten 31 69 38
Dagens Næringsliv 23 77 54
Sweden Aftonbladet 28 72 44
Svenska Dagbladet 28 72 44
Dagens Industri 28 72 44

j_njms-2024-0005_tab_005

Proportion of women appearing in first dataset (automated/Infomedia) (%) Proportion of women appearing in second dataset (manually coded) (%)
Ekstra Bladet (DK) 21 27 (n = 1,582)
Jyllands-Posten (DK) 24 23 (n = 3,171)
Dagens Industri (SV) 28 26 (n = 1,510)

j_njms-2024-0005_tab_006

Category Gender Average Lower Bound Upper Bound n
All Men 3.44 2.60 4.29 3,209
Women 3.09 2.54 3.64 1,083
Jyllands-Posten Men 3.45 2.73 4.18 1,727
Women 3.09 2.54 3.64 513
Dagens Industri Men 3.80 3.00 4.61 795
Women 3.19 2.48 3.90 271
Ekstra Bladet Men 3.08 2.65 3.51 687
Women 3.02 2.47 3.57 299
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
1 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Social Sciences, Communication Science, Mass Communication, Public and Political Communication, Visual Communication
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