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Investigation of porosity behavior in SLS polyamide-12 samples using ex-situ X-ray computed tomography

Grzegorz Ziółkowski

Grzegorz Ziółkowski

Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies – Fraunhofer Project Center, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
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Ziółkowski, Grzegorz
, 
Emilia Grochowska

Emilia Grochowska

Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies – Fraunhofer Project Center, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
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Grochowska, Emilia
, 
Dawid Kęszycki

Dawid Kęszycki

Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies – Fraunhofer Project Center, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
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Kęszycki, Dawid
, 
Piotr Gruber

Piotr Gruber

Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies – Fraunhofer Project Center, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
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Gruber, Piotr
, 
Viktoria Hoppe

Viktoria Hoppe

Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies – Fraunhofer Project Center, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
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Hoppe, Viktoria
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Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska

Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska

Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies – Fraunhofer Project Center, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
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Szymczyk-Ziółkowska, Patrycja
 and 
Tomasz Kurzynowski

Tomasz Kurzynowski

Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies – Fraunhofer Project Center, Department of Laser Technologies, Automation and Production Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
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Kurzynowski, Tomasz
  
Dec 30, 2021
Investigation of porosity behavior in SLS polyamide-12 samples using ex-situ X-ray computed tomography's Cover Image
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Published Online: Dec 30, 2021
Page range: 436 - 445
Received: Oct 07, 2021
Accepted: Nov 27, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0035
Keywords
© 2021 Grzegorz Ziółkowski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Tested samples; (A) geometry and build orientation, XY – horizontal, ZX – vertical, (B) samples after the ex-situ tensile test for the XY and ZX planes
Tested samples; (A) geometry and build orientation, XY – horizontal, ZX – vertical, (B) samples after the ex-situ tensile test for the XY and ZX planes

Fig. 2

Ex-situ tensile tests using XCT: (A) volumetric model of the samples before the test, (B) mechanical testing, (C) volumetric model of the samples after the tensile test, (D) cross-section through the sample before and after the tensile test, with the origin point marked and the main dimensions. XCT, X-ray computed tomography
Ex-situ tensile tests using XCT: (A) volumetric model of the samples before the test, (B) mechanical testing, (C) volumetric model of the samples after the tensile test, (D) cross-section through the sample before and after the tensile test, with the origin point marked and the main dimensions. XCT, X-ray computed tomography

Fig. 3

Stress-strain characteristic for the: (A) XY plane, and (B) ZX plane
Stress-strain characteristic for the: (A) XY plane, and (B) ZX plane

Fig. 4

XCT porosity detection; (A) sample XY before the tensile test, (B) sample XY after the tensile test, (C) sample ZX before the tensile test, (D) sample ZX after the tensile test; the force direction indicates the Y axis. XCT, X-ray computed tomography
XCT porosity detection; (A) sample XY before the tensile test, (B) sample XY after the tensile test, (C) sample ZX before the tensile test, (D) sample ZX after the tensile test; the force direction indicates the Y axis. XCT, X-ray computed tomography

Fig. 5

Distribution of porosity along the height of the sample with regards to the pores’ diameter: (A) XY sample, (B) ZX sample
Distribution of porosity along the height of the sample with regards to the pores’ diameter: (A) XY sample, (B) ZX sample

Fig. 6

Cross-section of a sample from the XY series (A) before, and (B) after the static tensile test; cross-sections of a sample from the ZX series (D) before, and (E) after the tensile test; (C) and (F) – charts that show the changes in the value of porosity in the direction that is consistent with the direction of the force
Cross-section of a sample from the XY series (A) before, and (B) after the static tensile test; cross-sections of a sample from the ZX series (D) before, and (E) after the tensile test; (C) and (F) – charts that show the changes in the value of porosity in the direction that is consistent with the direction of the force

Fig. 7

Porosity recorded in an ex-situ test for a sample from series: (A) XY, and (B) ZX
Porosity recorded in an ex-situ test for a sample from series: (A) XY, and (B) ZX

Fig. 8

Sphericity for the entire range of the registered pore diameters in an ex-situ test for a sample from series: (A) XY, and (B) ZX
Sphericity for the entire range of the registered pore diameters in an ex-situ test for a sample from series: (A) XY, and (B) ZX

Fig. 9

Sphericity of the largest pores (diameters >200 μm), as registered in the results of the ex-situ test: (A) for sample XY before the tensile test, (B) for sample XY after the tensile test, (D) for sample ZX before the tensile test, (E) for sample ZX after the tensile test; (C and F) – graphs that show changes in the pore size in the XY and ZX samples along the axis of the force before and after the tensile test
Sphericity of the largest pores (diameters >200 μm), as registered in the results of the ex-situ test: (A) for sample XY before the tensile test, (B) for sample XY after the tensile test, (D) for sample ZX before the tensile test, (E) for sample ZX after the tensile test; (C and F) – graphs that show changes in the pore size in the XY and ZX samples along the axis of the force before and after the tensile test

Fig. 10

Sphericity for the largest pores (diameters >200 μm) recorded in an ex-situ test for the sample from series: (A) horizontal (XY), and (B) vertical (ZX)
Sphericity for the largest pores (diameters >200 μm) recorded in an ex-situ test for the sample from series: (A) horizontal (XY), and (B) vertical (ZX)

Fig. 11

Projected area in the plane perpendicular to the acting force for the largest pores (diameters >200 μm) for: (A) the horizontal manufacturing direction (XY), (B) the vertical manufacturing direction (ZX)
Projected area in the plane perpendicular to the acting force for the largest pores (diameters >200 μm) for: (A) the horizontal manufacturing direction (XY), (B) the vertical manufacturing direction (ZX)

Fig. 12

Microscopic tensile post-mortem fracture images for sample manufactured in XY direction, SEM, BSE
Microscopic tensile post-mortem fracture images for sample manufactured in XY direction, SEM, BSE

Fig. 13

Microscopic tensile post-mortem fracture images for the samples manufactured in the ZX direction, SEM, BSE
Microscopic tensile post-mortem fracture images for the samples manufactured in the ZX direction, SEM, BSE
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