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Bio-dielectric based on superconductors yttrium calcium barium copper oxide (YCaBa2Cu3O7−x) from eggshell as calcium oxide source via sol-gel process

Wipawadee Toumvong

Wipawadee Toumvong

Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart UniversityBangkok, Thailand
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Toumvong, Wipawadee
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Pornnita Chitcharoentaweechoke

Pornnita Chitcharoentaweechoke

Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart UniversityBangkok, Thailand
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Chitcharoentaweechoke, Pornnita
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Nuchnapa Tangboriboon

Nuchnapa Tangboriboon

Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart UniversityBangkok, Thailand
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Tangboriboon, Nuchnapa
  
Dec 30, 2021
Bio-dielectric based on superconductors yttrium calcium barium copper oxide (YCaBa2Cu3O7−x) from eggshell as calcium oxide source via sol-gel process's Cover Image
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Published Online: Dec 30, 2021
Page range: 305 - 318
Received: Apr 23, 2021
Accepted: Apr 23, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0026
Keywords
© 2021 Wipawadee Toumvong et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

(A) Meissner effect of superconductor materials; (B) superconducting materials at temperature (T) below a critical temperature (Tc) [13].
(A) Meissner effect of superconductor materials; (B) superconducting materials at temperature (T) below a critical temperature (Tc) [13].

Fig. 2

Superconductor sample preparation for measurement of electrical properties of disk-like samples: (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-1000-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (F) YCaBCO-1000-com grade, (G) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, and (H) YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide; YCaBCO, yttrium calcium barium copper oxide.
Superconductor sample preparation for measurement of electrical properties of disk-like samples: (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-1000-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (F) YCaBCO-1000-com grade, (G) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, and (H) YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide; YCaBCO, yttrium calcium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 3

(A) STA of superconductors with added calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell. (B) STA of super-conductors with added commercial grade calcium oxide (CaO). STA, simultaneous thermal analysis.
(A) STA of superconductors with added calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell. (B) STA of super-conductors with added commercial grade calcium oxide (CaO). STA, simultaneous thermal analysis.

Fig. 4

YCaBCO powder with added calcium oxide (CaO): (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, and (F) YCaBCO-900-com grade. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
YCaBCO powder with added calcium oxide (CaO): (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, and (F) YCaBCO-900-com grade. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 5

Perovskite structure of superconductor YBCO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
Perovskite structure of superconductor YBCO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 6

Spectra of raw materials and superconducting materials measured by FTIR. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Spectra of raw materials and superconducting materials measured by FTIR. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Fig. 7

Patterns of the X-ray peaks of superconductor samples prior to and after firing.
Patterns of the X-ray peaks of superconductor samples prior to and after firing.

Fig. 8

(A) and (B) Orthorhombic and (C) tetragonal structure of superconductor (YBCO) with and without addition of CaO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
(A) and (B) Orthorhombic and (C) tetragonal structure of superconductor (YBCO) with and without addition of CaO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 9

Microstructures of calcium oxide and superconductor samples observed using SEM at 1,000× magnification: (A) calcium oxide from eggshell, (B) YBCO-900-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (E) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (F) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade. SEM, scanning electron microscope; YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
Microstructures of calcium oxide and superconductor samples observed using SEM at 1,000× magnification: (A) calcium oxide from eggshell, (B) YBCO-900-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (E) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (F) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade. SEM, scanning electron microscope; YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 10

(A) Conductivity of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.
(A) Conductivity of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.

Fig. 11

(A) Conductivities of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.
(A) Conductivities of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.

Fig. 12

Electrical properties due to polarization at various electromagnetic frequencies [7].
Electrical properties due to polarization at various electromagnetic frequencies [7].

Formulas for preparation of superconductor samples_

Sample Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 3 Formula 4 Formula 5
Y2O3 in 9.93 cm3 ethanol (C2H5OH) 2.26 g 2.26 g 2.26 g 2.26 g 2.26 g
BaCl2 in 10.80 cm3 water 4.16 g 4.16 g 4.16 g 4.16 g 4.16 g
CuO in 8.37 cm3 HCl 4.77 g 4.77 g 4.77 g 4.77 g 4.77 g
CaO in 8.37 cm3 HCl (commercial grade) – – – 2.24 2.24
CaO in 8.37 cm3 HCl (eggshell) – 2.24 g 2.24 g – –
NaOH (pH) – – Adjust the pH to 11 – Adjust the pH to 11
Encoded sample YBa2Cu3O7−z (ref.) YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (CaO from eggshell) YBa2Cu3O7−z (CaO from eggshell) YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (commercial grade CaO) YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (commercial grade CaO)
Firing temperature (°C)
    900 YBCO-900-ref YCaBCO-900-eggshell YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell YCaBCO-900-com grade YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade
    1,000 YBCO-1000-ref YCaBCO-1000-eggshell YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell YCaBCO-900-com grade YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade

Density values and solubility data of chemical substances used for preparation of superconductors_

Chemical substance Density (g/cm3) H2O Ethanol (C2H5OH) HCl
Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) 5.03 – ✓ Slightly soluble
Barium chloride (BaCl2) 3.10 ✓ – –
Calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell, pH 12 2.46 – – ✓
Calcium oxide (CaO), commercial grade, pH 12.6 3.34 – – ✓
Copper oxide (CuO) 6.51 – – ✓

Electrical properties of raw materials and superconductor samples measured at room temperature (27 °C), (±SD), n = 3_

Sample Frequency(Hz) Capacitance (pF) Electrical conductivity (S/m) Dielectric constant Dielectric loss
CuO 0.5 × 102 40.53 ± 0.39 1,960.00 ± 18.700 8.334 ± 0.080 1.511 ± 0.671
CuO 1.0 × 106 5.63 ± 0.42 7.08 ± 0.010 1.158 ± 0.087 0.122 ± 0.053
Y2O3 0.5 × 102 341.63 ± 12.95 236.00 ± 9.040 71.366 ± 2.706 1.529 ± 0.663
Y2O3 1.0 × 106 64.75 ± 0.29 0.622 ± 0.003 13.526 ± 0.061 0.128 ± 0.057
BaCl2 0.5 × 102 66.63 ± 0.89 1,200.00 ± 16.100 13.808 ± 0.184 1.478 ± 0.641
BaCl2 1.0 × 106 21.88 ± 0.63 1.83 ± 0.052 4.535 ± 0.130 0.155 ± 0.068
CaO (commercial grade) 0.5 × 102 444.19 ± 5.58 185.00 ± 2.30 94.627 ± 1.189 1.685 ± 0.730
CaO (commercial grade) 1.0 × 106 55.37 ± 2.71 0.743 ± 0.035 11.794 ± 0.578 0.130 ± 0.056
CaO (from eggshell) 0.5 × 102 9.40 ± 0.04 8,700.00 ± 38.700 1.966 ± 0.009 1.795 ± 0.777
CaO (from eggshell) 1.0 × 106 0.47 ± 0.01 87.90 ± 1.720 0.099 ± 0.002 0.168 ± 0.073
YBCO-900-ref 0.5 × 102 8,286.70 ± 28.49 (3.60 ± 0.01) × 107 1,874.794 ± 6.446 1.351 ± 0.585
YBCO-900-ref 1.0 × 106 107.59 ± 0.46 (5.40 ± 0.02) × 106 24.341 ± 0.103 0.159 ± 0.069
YBCO-1000-ref 0.5 × 102 8,326.70 ± 28.00 (7.60 ± 0.01) × 107 1,883.910 ± 6.400 1.351 ± 0.590
YBCO-1000-ref 1.0 × 106 257.25 ± 1.70 (2.26 ± 0.01) × 106 58.200 ± 0.400 0.159 ± 0.070
YCaBCO-900-eggshell 0.5 × 102 8,540.10 ± 2.00 (1.32 ± 0.00) × 108 1,988.540 ± 0.500 0.534 ± 0.030
YCaBCO-900-eggshell 1.0 × 106 132.02 ± 0.90 (4.28 ± 0.03) × 106 30.740 ± 0.200 0.213 ± 0.010
YCaBCO-1000-eggshell 0.5 × 102 9,765.30 ± 47.00 (1.15 ± 0.01) × 108 2,281.880 ± 11.00 0.534 ± 0.230
YCaBCO-1000-eggshell 1.0 × 106 121.50 ± 1.30 (4.63 ± 0.05) × 106 28.391 ± 0.300 0.213 ± 0.090
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell 0.5 × 102 14,622.02 ± 1.10 (8.31 ± 0.01) × 107 3,163.23 ± 0.20 1.635 ± 0.110
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell 1.0 × 106 177.84 ± 0.40 (3.42 ± 0.008) × 106 38.47 ± 0.10 0.171 ± 0.010
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell 0.5 × 102 10,838.78 ± 233 (1.10 ± 0.02) × 108 2,389.53 ± 51.40 1.635 ± 0.715
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell 1.0 × 106 145.65 ± 1.47 (4.09 ± 0.04) × 106 32.11 ± 0.32 0.171 ± 0.074
YCaBCO-900-com grade 0.5 × 102 8,225.75 ± 0.73 (1.40 ± 0.01) × 108 1,874.59 ± 0.17 1.351 ± 0.585
YCaBCO-900-com grade 1.0 × 106 130.32 ± 1.21 (4.43 ± 0.04) × 106 29.70 ± 0.28 0.159 ± 0.069
YCaBCO-1000-com grade 0.5 × 102 9,484.85 ± 57.47 (1.19 ± 0.01) × 108 2,200.69 ± 13.33 1.351 ± 0.585
YCaBCO-1000-com grade 1.0 × 106 118.55 ± 0.87 (4.78 ± 0.04) × 106 27.51 ± 0.20 0.159 ± 0.069
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade 0.5 × 102 14,821.33 ± 215 (8.70 ± 0.10)×107 3,022.77 ± 43.93 1.483 ± 0.064
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade 1.0 × 106 177.84 ± 0.42 (3.42 ± 0.01)×106 38.47 ± 0.09 0.171 ± 0.007
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade 0.5 × 102 10,213.51 ± 9.27 (1.24 ± 0.001)×108 2,125.19 ± 1.93 1.483 ± 0.644
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade 1.0 × 106 146.83 ± 2.38 (4.30 ± 0.07)×106 30.55 ± 0.50 0.161 ± 0.071
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