Artillery in the Digital Era: The Evolution of Artillery Command and Control In Networked Warfare

The transformation of modern warfare—driven by rapid technological advancement, evolving threats, and intensified competition among major powers—has elevated the strategic relevance of artillery in contemporary conflict. No longer limited to traditional indirect fire roles, artillery is now integrated as a digital system of systems within multi-domain operations. This article explores the evolution of Artillery Fire Control Systems (AFCS) and their central role in modern fire support. It highlights how digital transformation and tactical networking have enhanced the precision, responsiveness, and interoperability of artillery units. AFCS now serve as vital components in accelerating the Observe–Orient–Decide–Act (OODA) loop, enabling synchronized operations across reconnaissance, command, and maneuver elements. Emphasis is placed on how these systems address operational challenges posed by contested environments—such as electronic warfare and degraded communications. The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the doctrinal, technological, and operational imperatives shaping artillery fire command and control, underscoring its critical contribution to the future of land-based military operations.