<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Milk from cows, goats and sheep was analysed in terms of content of fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and Methods</h3>
<p>Altogether, 73 milk samples from cows (n = 38), goats (n = 20) and sheep (n = 15) were collected from various regions of Poland. Concentrations of analytes were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>The lower-bound sum of four PFAS (∑4 PFASs) concentrations (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) were highest in sheep’s (0.0055 μg/kg), lower in goat’s (0.0046 μg/kg), and lowest in cow’s milk (0.0008 μg/kg). Goat’s and sheep’s milk was statistically significantly more contaminated than cow’s milk. None of the samples exceeded the indicative values set by Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/1431, and even the maximum detected concentrations were an order of magnitude lower. The most frequently detected was linear PFOS, which was found in 33%, 76% and 93% of cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk samples, respectively. Based on mean upper-bound ∑4 PFAS concentrations and average milk consumption, the estimated intake of ∑4 PFASs ranged from 0.153 to 0.266 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) for children and from 0.050 to 0.88 ng/kg b.w. for adults, which indicates that exposure is very low and is merely &lt;7% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for children and &lt;2% of the TWI for adults.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Regardless of the milk type, the intake of PFASs <italic>via</italic> consumption of Polish milk does not contribute significantly to the overall PFAS intake of either adults or children.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Introduction
Milk from cows, goats and sheep was analysed in terms of content of fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).


Material and Methods
Altogether, 73 milk samples from cows (n = 38), goats (n = 20) and sheep (n = 15) were collected from various regions of Poland. Concentrations of analytes were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).


Results
The lower-bound sum of four PFAS (∑4 PFASs) concentrations (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) were highest in sheep’s (0.0055 μg/kg), lower in goat’s (0.0046 μg/kg), and lowest in cow’s milk (0.0008 μg/kg). Goat’s and sheep’s milk was statistically significantly more contaminated than cow’s milk. None of the samples exceeded the indicative values set by Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/1431, and even the maximum detected concentrations were an order of magnitude lower. The most frequently detected was linear PFOS, which was found in 33%, 76% and 93% of cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk samples, respectively. Based on mean upper-bound ∑4 PFAS concentrations and average milk consumption, the estimated intake of ∑4 PFASs ranged from 0.153 to 0.266 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) for children and from 0.050 to 0.88 ng/kg b.w. for adults, which indicates that exposure is very low and is merely <7% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for children and <2% of the TWI for adults.


Conclusion
Regardless of the milk type, the intake of PFASs via consumption of Polish milk does not contribute significantly to the overall PFAS intake of either adults or children.

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk – dietary intake and risk assessment

Journal of Veterinary Research

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Introduction
Milk from cows, goats and sheep was analysed in terms of content of fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).


Material and Methods
Altogether,...

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk – dietary intake and risk assessment

Published Online: Dec 19, 2023

Page range: 593 - 602

Received: Jun 01, 2023

Accepted: Oct 10, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2023-0058

Keywords
PFAS, cow’s milk, small-ruminant milk, POPs, risk assessment

© 2023 Szczepan Mikołajczyk et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk – dietary intake and risk assessment

Published Online: Dec 19, 2023

Page range: 593 - 602

Received: Jun 01, 2023

Accepted: Oct 10, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2023-0058

KeywordsPFAS, cow’s milk, small-ruminant milk, POPs, risk assessment

© 2023 Szczepan Mikołajczyk et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
PFAS, cow’s milk, small-ruminant milk, POPs, risk assessment