<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0061_s_007"><h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is caused by avian bornavirus (ABV) has been identified in psittacine, non-psittacine birds and waterfowl. Birds may show signs of gastrointestinal tract deficit or neurological dysfunction or even both. The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular prevalence, risk factors and public awareness of ABV and PDD among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0061_s_008"><h3>Material and Methods</h3>
<p>A total of 344 cloacal swabs or faeces were collected and subjected to detection using the RT-PCR assay. Meanwhile, KAP questionnaires were distributed by using the Google forms platform.</p></sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0061_s_009"><h3>Results</h3>
<p>Molecular prevalence studies revealed that 4.5% (9/201) of the pet birds were ABV-positive, whereas 0% (0/143) in waterfowl. Nine positive pet birds were identified to be PaBV-2, which is closest to ABV isolates EU781967 (USA). Among the risk factors analysed, category, age and, location, were found to show an association with the ABV positivity. The KAP survey result showed: the respondents have low knowledge (32.9%), however, they showed positive attitude (60.8%) and good practice (94.9%). The association between knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association between knowledge-attitude and also attitude-practice (P&lt;0.05).</p></sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0061_s_010"><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>This study proved that avian bornavirus (ABV) causes proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) among a group of pet birds of <italic>Psittaciformes</italic>, but it is present in Peninsular Malaysia with a low prevalence rate. Furthermore, in addition to the useful databases obtained from this study, the level of public awareness on the importance of avian bornavirus that causes fatal disorders among a wide range of bird species is satisfactorily raised.</p></sec>
</abstract>

Introduction
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is caused by avian bornavirus (ABV) has been identified in psittacine, non-psittacine birds and waterfowl. Birds may show signs of gastrointestinal tract deficit or neurological dysfunction or even both. The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular prevalence, risk factors and public awareness of ABV and PDD among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia.
Material and Methods
A total of 344 cloacal swabs or faeces were collected and subjected to detection using the RT-PCR assay. Meanwhile, KAP questionnaires were distributed by using the Google forms platform.
Results
Molecular prevalence studies revealed that 4.5% (9/201) of the pet birds were ABV-positive, whereas 0% (0/143) in waterfowl. Nine positive pet birds were identified to be PaBV-2, which is closest to ABV isolates EU781967 (USA). Among the risk factors analysed, category, age and, location, were found to show an association with the ABV positivity. The KAP survey result showed: the respondents have low knowledge (32.9%), however, they showed positive attitude (60.8%) and good practice (94.9%). The association between knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association between knowledge-attitude and also attitude-practice (P<0.05).
Conclusion
This study proved that avian bornavirus (ABV) causes proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) among a group of pet birds of Psittaciformes, but it is present in Peninsular Malaysia with a low prevalence rate. Furthermore, in addition to the useful databases obtained from this study, the level of public awareness on the importance of avian bornavirus that causes fatal disorders among a wide range of bird species is satisfactorily raised.

Molecular detection, risk factors and public awareness of avian bornavirus among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Research

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Introduction
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is caused by avian bornavirus (ABV) has been identified in psittacine, non-psittacine birds and waterfowl....

Molecular detection, risk factors and public awareness of avian bornavirus among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia

Published Online: Dec 21, 2022

Page range: 523 - 535

Received: Mar 23, 2022

Accepted: Oct 26, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0061

Keywords
avian bornavirus, proventricular dilatation disease, RT-PCR, knowledge, attitude, practice survey, Peninsular Malaysia

© 2022 S.M. Lutpi et al. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Molecular detection, risk factors and public awareness of avian bornavirus among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia

Published Online: Dec 21, 2022

Page range: 523 - 535

Received: Mar 23, 2022

Accepted: Oct 26, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0061

Keywordsavian bornavirus, proventricular dilatation disease, RT-PCR, knowledge, attitude, practice survey, Peninsular Malaysia

© 2022 S.M. Lutpi et al. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
avian bornavirus, proventricular dilatation disease, RT-PCR, knowledge, attitude, practice survey, Peninsular Malaysia