<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0041_s_005"><h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>The widespread occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria has increased interest in alternatives to antibiotics for combatting bacterial infections, among which bacteriophages play an important role. The ability of phage proteins to induce an anti-phage immune response can significantly limit the effectiveness of treatment, which was the basis for the study described in this article. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of bacteriophages on the induction of an anti-phage humoral response in calves.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0041_s_006"><h3>Material and Methods</h3>
<p>The study was conducted using phage components of experimental preparations and sera from calves treated and not treated with phages. Levels of G, M and A immunoglobulins were analysed by ELISA. The assay plates were coated with whole <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> phages and selected phage proteins obtained in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Neutralisation of phages by immunoglobulins was assessed by determining phage titres using double-layer plates.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0041_s_007"><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The results confirmed an increased anti-phage response affecting all immunoglobulin classes in the calf sera. The highest significant (P ≤ 0.05) level of antibodies was observed for IgG in the sera of calves receiving phages. The phage neutralisation test showed a significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the reduction of phage titres in comparison to untreated calves.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0041_s_008"><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Despite the induction of an anti-phage response, no significant negative effect on the antibacterial activity of phages was observed <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Introduction
The widespread occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria has increased interest in alternatives to antibiotics for combatting bacterial infections, among which bacteriophages play an important role. The ability of phage proteins to induce an anti-phage immune response can significantly limit the effectiveness of treatment, which was the basis for the study described in this article. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of bacteriophages on the induction of an anti-phage humoral response in calves.

Material and Methods
The study was conducted using phage components of experimental preparations and sera from calves treated and not treated with phages. Levels of G, M and A immunoglobulins were analysed by ELISA. The assay plates were coated with whole Escherichia coli and Mannheimia haemolytica phages and selected phage proteins obtained in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Neutralisation of phages by immunoglobulins was assessed by determining phage titres using double-layer plates.

Results
The results confirmed an increased anti-phage response affecting all immunoglobulin classes in the calf sera. The highest significant (P ≤ 0.05) level of antibodies was observed for IgG in the sera of calves receiving phages. The phage neutralisation test showed a significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the reduction of phage titres in comparison to untreated calves.

Conclusion
Despite the induction of an anti-phage response, no significant negative effect on the antibacterial activity of phages was observed in vitro.

Determination of anti-phage antibodies in calf sera following application of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic>-specific bacteriophages

Journal of Veterinary Research

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Determination of anti-phage antibodies in calf sera following application of  and -specific bacteriophages

Introduction
The widespread occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria has increased interest in alternatives to antibiotics for combatting bacterial infections,...

Determination of anti-phage antibodies in calf sera following application of Escherichia coli and Mannheimia haemolytica-specific bacteriophages

Published Online: Aug 12, 2022

Page range: 353 - 360

Received: Jan 17, 2022

Accepted: Jul 21, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0041

Keywords
bacteriophages, ELISA, immunoglobulins

© 2022 R. Urban-Chmiel. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Determination of anti-phage antibodies in calf sera following application of Escherichia coli and Mannheimia haemolytica-specific bacteriophages

Published Online: Aug 12, 2022

Page range: 353 - 360

Received: Jan 17, 2022

Accepted: Jul 21, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0041

Keywordsbacteriophages, ELISA, immunoglobulins

© 2022 R. Urban-Chmiel. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
bacteriophages, ELISA, immunoglobulins