First report of multiple drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq detected by in vivo and in vitro methods
Published Online: Aug 19, 2021
Page range: 293 - 299
Received: Mar 22, 2021
Accepted: Aug 03, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0047
Keywords
© 2021 H.O. Dyary, H.Q. Banaz. published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Introduction
The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminants is principally dependent on anthelmintic therapy, which encounters the rising problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development. Veterinarians reported anthelmintic failure in several sheep farms in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, northern Iraq, which called for a systematic study about the efficacy of three commonly used drugs: albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole.
Material and Methods
A faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted to elucidate the anthelmintics’ efficacies, with coprocultures to determine the GINs parasitising sheep in the study area. Larval development assays (LDAs) were conducted to determine the drugs’ median inhibitory concentrations (IC50).
Results
The FECRT revealed that AR was widespread to all three drugs, and ivermectin was the least effective, reducing the faecal egg counts (FECs) by 50.5% to 57.1%. The coprocultures revealed that the GIN genera of sheep in Arbat District were
Conclusion
This study is the first Iraqi report of AR confirmed by both