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Ethyl Butanoate, Constituent of Cassava Wastewater Volatiloma, a Potential Soil Fumigant Against Meloidogyne javanica

Simone Ribeiro de Souza

Simone Ribeiro de Souza

Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de LavrasLavras, MG, Brazil
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Souza, Simone Ribeiro de
, 
Vicente Paulo Campos

Vicente Paulo Campos

Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de LavrasLavras, MG, Brazil
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Campos, Vicente Paulo
, 
Letícia Lopes de Paula

Letícia Lopes de Paula

Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de LavrasLavras, MG, Brazil
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Paula, Letícia Lopes de
, 
Marcio Pozzobon Pedroso

Marcio Pozzobon Pedroso

Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de LavrasLavras, MG, Brazil
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Pedroso, Marcio Pozzobon
 and 
Willian César Terra

Willian César Terra

Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de LavrasLavras, MG, Brazil
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Terra, Willian César
  
Sep 14, 2022
Ethyl Butanoate, Constituent of Cassava Wastewater Volatiloma, a Potential Soil Fumigant Against Meloidogyne javanica's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Paper
Published Online: Sep 14, 2022
Received: Apr 04, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2022-0031
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© 2022 de Souza et al. published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Percentage of Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles (J2) killed after 24-hr exposure to volatiles emitted by 20 mL of cassava wastewater. The interactions between experiments and treatments were not significant (P = 0.063), then the data were analyzed together (n = 12). ***Significant at the 0.001 probability level according to Student’s t-test when compared to negative control.
Percentage of Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles (J2) killed after 24-hr exposure to volatiles emitted by 20 mL of cassava wastewater. The interactions between experiments and treatments were not significant (P = 0.063), then the data were analyzed together (n = 12). ***Significant at the 0.001 probability level according to Student’s t-test when compared to negative control.

Figure 2

Chromatogram showing the eight compounds identified in the cassava wastewater volatiloma. 1. ethanol, 2. propan-2-ol, 3. propan-1-ol, 4. butan-2-ol, 5. butan-1-ol, 6. acetic acid, 7. ethyl butanoate, 8. butyric acid.
Chromatogram showing the eight compounds identified in the cassava wastewater volatiloma. 1. ethanol, 2. propan-2-ol, 3. propan-1-ol, 4. butan-2-ol, 5. butan-1-ol, 6. acetic acid, 7. ethyl butanoate, 8. butyric acid.

Figure 3

Dose-response curve of Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles (J2) exposed to compounds with nematicidal activity. M. javanica J2 were exposed for 48 hr at 28°C to different concentrations of ethyl butanoate (A) and butyric acid (B). Dose-response curves were determined using a logistic model. Unfilled circles indicate the raw data collected in each experimental unit. The 95% confidence interval is represented by the shaded region around the curve. The interactions between experiments and treatments were not significant (P > 0.05), then the data were analyzed together.
Dose-response curve of Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles (J2) exposed to compounds with nematicidal activity. M. javanica J2 were exposed for 48 hr at 28°C to different concentrations of ethyl butanoate (A) and butyric acid (B). Dose-response curves were determined using a logistic model. Unfilled circles indicate the raw data collected in each experimental unit. The 95% confidence interval is represented by the shaded region around the curve. The interactions between experiments and treatments were not significant (P > 0.05), then the data were analyzed together.

Figure 4

Boxplot depicting the galls (A) and eggs (B) per gram of tomato root system grown in substrate infested with Meloidogyne javanica in a greenhouse with temperature ranging from 20°C to 28°C. Substrate infested with M. javanica eggs was fumigated with butyric acid or ethyl butanoate at a dose of 0.5 mL ∙ L-1 of substrate. The commercial nematicide Dazomet was used as a positive control and water as a negative control. Boxes followed by the same letter do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability (P < 0.05). The interactions between experiments and treatments were not significant (P = 0.485), then the data were analyzed together. Unfilled circles the observations.
Boxplot depicting the galls (A) and eggs (B) per gram of tomato root system grown in substrate infested with Meloidogyne javanica in a greenhouse with temperature ranging from 20°C to 28°C. Substrate infested with M. javanica eggs was fumigated with butyric acid or ethyl butanoate at a dose of 0.5 mL ∙ L-1 of substrate. The commercial nematicide Dazomet was used as a positive control and water as a negative control. Boxes followed by the same letter do not differ by the Tukey test at 5% probability (P < 0.05). The interactions between experiments and treatments were not significant (P = 0.485), then the data were analyzed together. Unfilled circles the observations.

Dose-response curve log-logistic equation parameters for Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles exposed to butyric acid and ethyl butanoate_

Model parameter
Compounds bw cx dx ez
Butyric acid –9.74 (0.75)a P < 0.001 Fixed Fixed 172.61 (1.15) P < 0.001
Ethyl butanoate –2.65 (0.22) P < 0.001 Fixed 92 (0.064) P < 0.001 301.20 (7.12) P < 0.001

VOCs identified in cassava wastewater by SPME–GC–MS_

Compound Retention Time (min) Classes IR. Expa IR. Litb Peak area (×104)
(1) Ethanol 2.07 Alcohol – – 65.5
(2) Propan-2-ol 2.19 Alcohol – – 23.5
(3) Propan-1-ol 2.43 Alcohol – 595 8.2
(4) Butan-2-ol 2.71 Alcohol 601 598 53.1
(5) Butan-1-ol 3.30 Alcohol 657 668 19.4
(6) Acetic acid 3.50 Carboxylic acid 669 642 236.2
(7) Ethyl butanoate 5.96 Ester 800 802 46.4
(8) Butyric acid 8.91 Carboxylic acid 815 790 5,034.2

Concentrations (μg ∙ mL–1) that resulted in 50% of Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles’ (J2) population mortality (LC50)_

Compounds Model predicted LC50–48 hr(μg ∙ mL–1)a
Butyric acid 172.61 (170.34–174.87)
Ethyl butanoate 301.20 (257.82–344.58)

RFM of tomato plants cultivated in substrate infested with Meloidogyne javanica eggs and fumigated with butyric acid or ethyl butanoate at a dose of 0_5 mL ∙ L–1 of substrate_

Treatments RFM
Ethyl butanoate 8.81 ± 1.75 b
Butyric acid 7.34 ± 1.43 b
Dazomet 11.03 ± 3.71 a
Control (water) 7.91 ± 1.85 b
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