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Exploring protocol development: Implementing systematic contextual memory to enhance real-time fMRI neurofeedback

Steffen Maude Fagerland

Steffen Maude Fagerland

  • The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
  • Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
  • RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of OsloNorway
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Fagerland, Steffen Maude
, 
Henrik Røsholm Berntsen

Henrik Røsholm Berntsen

The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Berntsen, Henrik Røsholm
, 
Mats Fredriksen

Mats Fredriksen

Neuropsychatric Outpatient Clinic, Vestfold Hospital TrustTønsberg, Norway
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Fredriksen, Mats
, 
Tor Endestad

Tor Endestad

  • RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of OsloNorway
  • Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland HospitalNorway
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Endestad, Tor
, 
Stavros Skouras

Stavros Skouras

  • Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
  • Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of BergenBergen, Norway
  • Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital BernBern, Switzerland
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Skouras, Stavros
, 
Mona Elisabeth Rootwelt-Revheim

Mona Elisabeth Rootwelt-Revheim

  • The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
  • Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Rootwelt-Revheim, Mona Elisabeth
 and 
Ragnhild Marie Undseth

Ragnhild Marie Undseth

  • The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
  • Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
  • Division of Radiology Research, The Intervention Centre, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Undseth, Ragnhild Marie
  
May 31, 2024
Exploring protocol development: Implementing systematic contextual memory to enhance real-time fMRI neurofeedback's Cover Image
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Published Online: May 31, 2024
Page range: 41 - 62
Received: Feb 10, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2024-0006
Keywords
© 2024 Steffen Maude Fagerland et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Discovered deviations in the brain of patients with TS mapped through (a) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and (b) connectivity; (c) a schematic of the setup of rtfMRI-nf, showing an overview of the required instruments and sequence of events; (d) when comparing the strategic thinking of assumed vegetative patients with that of healthy controls, it was discovered that these patients were, in fact, not vegetative. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([1],[2],[3],[4]), respectively.
Discovered deviations in the brain of patients with TS mapped through (a) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and (b) connectivity; (c) a schematic of the setup of rtfMRI-nf, showing an overview of the required instruments and sequence of events; (d) when comparing the strategic thinking of assumed vegetative patients with that of healthy controls, it was discovered that these patients were, in fact, not vegetative. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([1],[2],[3],[4]), respectively.

Figure 2:

(a) regions exhibiting decreased activity in the brain during inhibition in patients with ADHD includes SMA and rIFG; (b) methylphenidate - a common drug to treat ADHD - stimulates rIFG and decreases activity in SMA; (c) a mapping of regions with deviations correlating with TS symptoms includes SMA and rIFG; (d) conscious tic control and attention may sum to decrease tics in adult TS patients, the two potentially controlled by SMA and rIFG, respectively. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([53],[54],[55],[56]), respectively.
(a) regions exhibiting decreased activity in the brain during inhibition in patients with ADHD includes SMA and rIFG; (b) methylphenidate - a common drug to treat ADHD - stimulates rIFG and decreases activity in SMA; (c) a mapping of regions with deviations correlating with TS symptoms includes SMA and rIFG; (d) conscious tic control and attention may sum to decrease tics in adult TS patients, the two potentially controlled by SMA and rIFG, respectively. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([53],[54],[55],[56]), respectively.

Figure 3:

(a) motor control through the tripartite model; (b) how the hyperdirect pathway bypasses the striatum wrt motor inhibition; (c) a common subthalamic nucleus placement of the DBS electrode in Parkinsons Disease patients, stimulating the hyperdirect pathway ; (d) an update of the tripartite model. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([69],[69],[70],[71]), respectively.
(a) motor control through the tripartite model; (b) how the hyperdirect pathway bypasses the striatum wrt motor inhibition; (c) a common subthalamic nucleus placement of the DBS electrode in Parkinsons Disease patients, stimulating the hyperdirect pathway ; (d) an update of the tripartite model. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([69],[69],[70],[71]), respectively.

Figure 4:

(a) a memory palace used in 1511 AD, providing a virtual context to what was to be remembered; (b) how context in VR was used in deceived participants, indicating how context may aid memory; (c) a VR game used during an rtfMRI-nf run to assess susceptibility for developing Alzheimer’s disease; (d) a hypothesized model for how context reinstatement may aid memory. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([77],[78],[79],[80]), respectively.
(a) a memory palace used in 1511 AD, providing a virtual context to what was to be remembered; (b) how context in VR was used in deceived participants, indicating how context may aid memory; (c) a VR game used during an rtfMRI-nf run to assess susceptibility for developing Alzheimer’s disease; (d) a hypothesized model for how context reinstatement may aid memory. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([77],[78],[79],[80]), respectively.

Figure 5:

Examples from the ROI extraction and later adaptation. (a) SMA in the right hemisphere as directly shown through the SPM display code shown earlier; (b) the combined SMA in MNI space shown in green, and SMA realigned according to the pre-fMRI volume of a person having gone through the SPM adaptation algorithm (in red), the required shift according to fMRI-space is evident; (c) the same shifted ROI from (b) shown according to the fMRI volume of the person to be trained; (d) the same ROI from (b-c) overlaid the pre-fMRI of a different person having gone through the rtfMRI-nf, the need for realignment is evident.
Examples from the ROI extraction and later adaptation. (a) SMA in the right hemisphere as directly shown through the SPM display code shown earlier; (b) the combined SMA in MNI space shown in green, and SMA realigned according to the pre-fMRI volume of a person having gone through the SPM adaptation algorithm (in red), the required shift according to fMRI-space is evident; (c) the same shifted ROI from (b) shown according to the fMRI volume of the person to be trained; (d) the same ROI from (b-c) overlaid the pre-fMRI of a different person having gone through the rtfMRI-nf, the need for realignment is evident.

Figure 6:

Abbreviations: fMRI=functional magnetic resonance imaging, rIFG=right inferior frontal gyrus, rtfMRI-nf=real time fMRI neurofeedback, ROI=region of interest, VR=virtual reality
Abbreviations: fMRI=functional magnetic resonance imaging, rIFG=right inferior frontal gyrus, rtfMRI-nf=real time fMRI neurofeedback, ROI=region of interest, VR=virtual reality

Figure 7:

The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.
The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.

Figure 8:

The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.
The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.
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