This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
1 Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 81.KeeleyL. H. (1996). . Oxford University Press, New York, p. 81.Search in Google Scholar
2 Kirkpatrick, D. L. (2021). How Important are Superior Numbers? A Reappraisal of Lanchester’s Square Law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 5;KirkpatrickD. L. (2021). . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 5;Search in Google Scholar
Clark, S. (2013). Wearing away the stone: Assessing theories of combat attrition. Comparative Strategy, 32(2), pp. 115–132, p. 116.ClarkS. (2013). Wearing away the stone: Assessing theories of combat attrition. , 32(2), pp. 115–132, p. 116.Search in Google Scholar
3 Lettre 118—De Mme De Sévigné a Mme De Grignan. Lettres de Madame de Sévigné. Firmin Didot, Paris, p. 1846.Lettre 118—De Mme De Sévigné a Mme De Grignan. . Firmin Didot, Paris, p. 1846.Search in Google Scholar
4 The success of non-violent mass movements is also associated with the number of their participants. Beissinger, M. R. (2022). The Revolutionary City: Urbanization and the Global Transformation of Rebellion. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 175–180.The success of non-violent mass movements is also associated with the number of their participantsBeissingerM. R. (2022). . Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 175–180.Search in Google Scholar
5 Nolan, C. J. (2017). The Allure of Battle: A History of how Wars have been Won and Lost. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 13–17.NolanC. J. (2017). . Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 13–17.Search in Google Scholar
9 Malkasian, C. (2002). A History of Modern Wars of Attrition. Prager, Westport, CT, p. 13.MalkasianC. (2002). . Prager, Westport, CT, p. 13.Search in Google Scholar
10 Lynn, J. A. (1996). The Bayonets of the Republic: Motivation and Tactics in the Army of Revolutionary France, 1791-1794. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, p. 45.LynnJ. A. (1996). . Westview Press, Boulder, CO, p. 45.Search in Google Scholar
12 Lefebvre, G. (1969). Napoleon: From Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807-1815. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 312.LefebvreG. (1969). . Columbia University Press, New York, p. 312.Search in Google Scholar
13 Bell, D. A. (2007). The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as we Know it. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 9;BellD. A. (2007). . Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 9;Search in Google Scholar
13a Esdaile, C. (2007). Napoleon’s Wars: An International History. Penguin Books, New York, pp. 118–119.EsdaileC. (2007). . Penguin Books, New York, pp. 118–119.Search in Google Scholar
Isabella, M. (2023). Southern Europe in the Age of Revolutions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NY, p. 57.IsabellaM. (2023). . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NY, p. 57.Search in Google Scholar
15 Slocpol, T. (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 198.SlocpolT. (1979). . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 198.Search in Google Scholar
16 Posen, B. R. (1993). Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power. International Security, 18(2), pp. 80–124, p. 83.PosenB. R. (1993). Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power. , 18(2), pp. 80–124, p. 83.Search in Google Scholar
17 Gates, D. (2001). Warfare in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave, New York, p. 35.GatesD. (2001). . Palgrave, New York, p. 35.Search in Google Scholar
18 Clark, C. (2006). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Fall of Prussia, 1600-1947. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 307, 327.ClarkC. (2006). . Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 307, 327.Search in Google Scholar
22 Grossman, D. (1995). On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Back Bay Books, Boston, p. 8GrossmanD. (1995). . Back Bay Books, Boston, p. 8Search in Google Scholar
23 Muir, R. (1998). Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, p. 76MuirR. (1998). . Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, p. 76Search in Google Scholar
25 Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W.W. Norton, New York, p. 274.MearsheimerJ. J. (2001). . W.W. Norton, New York, p. 274.Search in Google Scholar
28 Andress, D. (2005). The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, New York, p. 159.AndressD. (2005). . Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, New York, p. 159.Search in Google Scholar
30 Nester, W. (2023). The Coalitions against Napoleon: How British Money, Manufacturing and Military Power Forged the Alliances that Achieved Victory. Frontline Books, Yorkshire, UK, p. 68.NesterW. (2023). . Frontline Books, Yorkshire, UK, p. 68.Search in Google Scholar
32 Piketty, T. (2020). Capital and Ideology. Arthur Goldhammer, trans., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 471–472.PikettyT. (2020). ., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 471–472.Search in Google Scholar
35 Connelly, O. (2006). The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792-1815. Routledge, London, p. 117;ConnellyO. (2006). . Routledge, London, p. 117;Search in Google Scholar
Rothenberg, G. E. (1980). The Art of War in the Age of Napoleon. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, p. 134.RothenbergG. E. (1980). . Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, p. 134.Search in Google Scholar
38 Boerke, A. M. (2009). Conscription in the Hapsburg empire in 1815. In: Stoker, D., Schneid, F. C., & Blanton, H. D. (eds), Conscription in the Napoleonic Era: A Revolution in Military Affairs? (Routledge, London, pp. 66–83), p. 76;BoerkeA. M. (2009). Conscription in the Hapsburg empire in 1815. In: StokerD.SchneidF. C., & BlantonH. D. (eds), (Routledge, London, pp. 66–83), p. 76;Search in Google Scholar
38a Rothenberg, G. E. (1973). The Hapsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars. Military Affairs, 37(1), p. 105, p. 1.RothenbergG. E. (1973). The Hapsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars. , 37(1), p. 105, p. 1.Search in Google Scholar
39 Rothenberg. The Hapsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars, p. 3.Rothenberg. , p. 3.Search in Google Scholar
40 Walter, D. (2009). Meeting the French challenge: Conscription in Prussia, 1807-1815. In: Stoker, D., Schneid, F. C., & Blanton, H. D. (eds.), Conscription in the Napoleonic Era: A Revolution in Military Affairs? (Routledge, London, pp. 24–45), p. 30;WalterD. (2009). Meeting the French challenge: Conscription in Prussia, 1807-1815. In: StokerD.SchneidF. C., & BlantonH. D. (eds.), (Routledge, London, pp. 24–45), p. 30;Search in Google Scholar
40a Lefebvre, G. (1969). Napoleon: From Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807-1815. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 264–265;LefebvreG. (1969). . Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 264–265;Search in Google Scholar
40b Leggiere, M. V. (2002). Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, p. 57.LeggiereM. V. (2002). . University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, p. 57.Search in Google Scholar
41 Lieven, D. (2009). Russia against Napoleon: The True Story of the Epic Campaigns of War and Peace. Viking, New York, p. 117.LievenD. (2009). . Viking, New York, p. 117.Search in Google Scholar
42 Connelly. The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, p. 219.Connelly. , p. 219.Search in Google Scholar
44 Muir, R. (2015). Wellington: The Path to Victory, 1769-1814. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp. 368–369.MuirR. (2015). . Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp. 368–369.Search in Google Scholar
45 Esdaile, C. J. (2009). Conscription in Spain in the Napoleonic Era. In: Stoker, D., Schneid, F. C., & Blanton, H. D. (eds.), Conscription in the Napoleonic Era: A Revolution in Military Affairs? (Routledge, London, pp. 102–121), pp. 102–103.EsdaileC. J. (2009). Conscription in Spain in the Napoleonic Era. In: StokerD.SchneidF. C., & BlantonH. D. (eds.), (Routledge, London, pp. 102–121), pp. 102–103.Search in Google Scholar
46 Holsti, O. R., Hopmann, P. T., & Sullivan, J. D. (1973). Unity and Disintegration in International Alliances: Comparative Studies. John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 22.HolstiO. R.HopmannP. T.SullivanJ. D. (1973). . John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 22.Search in Google Scholar
48 Berkovich, I. (2017). Motivation in War: The Experience of Common Soldiers in Old-Regime Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 192–193.BerkovichI. (2017). . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 192–193.Search in Google Scholar
49 Connelly, O. (1965). Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms. The Free Press, New York, pp. 194–196.ConnellyO. (1965). . The Free Press, New York, pp. 194–196.Search in Google Scholar
50 Connelly, Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms, pp. 196–197.Connelly, , pp. 196–197.Search in Google Scholar
51 Riley, J. P. (2000). Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge, New York, p. 19.RileyJ. P. (2000). . Routledge, New York, p. 19.Search in Google Scholar
53 Ozment, S. (2004). A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People. Perennial, New York, p. 157.OzmentS. (2004). . Perennial, New York, p. 157.Search in Google Scholar
54 Zamoyski, A. (2007). Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna. Harper Perennial, New York, p. 21.ZamoyskiA. (2007). . Harper Perennial, New York, p. 21.Search in Google Scholar
56 Planert, U. (2006). From collaboration to resistance, politics, experience, and the memory of the revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Southern Germany. Central European History, 39(4), pp. 676705, p. 677.PlanertU. (2006). From collaboration to resistance, politics, experience, and the memory of the revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Southern Germany. , 39(4), pp. 676–705, p. 677.Search in Google Scholar
59 The 5200 strong Polish Legion was part of the army of 31,139 that Napoleon deployed in the 1802 reinvasion of Saint-Domingue/Haiti. See Marr, J. S., & Cathey, J. T. (2013). The 1802 saint domingue yellow fever epidemic and the Louisiana purchase. Journal of Public Health Management Practice, 19(1), pp. 77–82, p. 78.MarrJ. S.CatheyJ. T. (2013). The 1802 saint domingue yellow fever epidemic and the Louisiana purchase. , 19(1), pp. 77–82, p. 78.Search in Google Scholar
60a Opello, W. C. (2016). War, Armed Force, and the People: State Formation and Transformation in Historical Perspective. Rowman and Littlefield, London, p. 112.OpelloW. C. (2016). . Rowman and Littlefield, London, p. 112.Search in Google Scholar
66 Lachouque, H. A. (1967). Roy Monkcom, trans., Napoleon’s Battles: A History of His Campaigns. E.P. Dutton, New York.LachouqueH. A. (1967). Roy Monkcom, trans., . E.P. Dutton, New York.Search in Google Scholar
68 Lepingwell, J. E. R. (1987). The laws of combat? Lanchester reexamined. International Security, 12(1), pp. 89–134, p. 93.LepingwellJ. E. R. (1987). The laws of combat? Lanchester reexamined. , 12(1), pp. 89–134, p. 93.Search in Google Scholar
70 Lenk, M., Lenk, R., & Tofallis, C. (2014, October 14). Quantifying Victory: Napoleon’s Armies’ Victories and Losses. Available at http:// dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2509740 [accessed 17 February, 2022].LenkM.LenkR., & TofallisC. (2014, October14). . Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2509740 [accessed 17 February, 2022].Search in Google Scholar
72 Willard, D. (1962). Lanchester as Force in History: An Analysis of Land Battles of the Years 1618-1905. Research Analysis Corporation, Bethesda, MD, pp. 9, 20-21.WillardD. (1962). . Research Analysis Corporation, Bethesda, MD, pp. 9, 20-21.Search in Google Scholar
74 Fain, J. B. (1977). The Lanchester equations and historical warfare: An analysis of Sixty World War II engagements. History, Numbers, and War, 1(1), 34-51, p. 36.FainJ. B. (1977). The Lanchester equations and historical warfare: An analysis of Sixty World War II engagements. , 1(1), 34–51, p. 36.Search in Google Scholar
75 Kirkpatrick, D. L. (2021). How Important are Superior Numbers? A Reappraisal of Lanchester’s Square Law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.KirkpatrickD. L. (2021). . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Search in Google Scholar
76 Lotzin, F. C. (2012). The Emperor on the Battlefield: Napoleon’s Worth as a Commander. Anchor Academic, Hamburg, Germany.LotzinF. C. (2012). . Anchor Academic, Hamburg, Germany.Search in Google Scholar
79 Hickman, J. (2009). What is a prisoner of war for? Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, 36(2), pp. 19–35.HickmanJ. (2009). What is a prisoner of war for?, 36(2), pp. 19–35.Search in Google Scholar
80 Strathern, P. (2009). Napoleon in Egypt. Bantam Books, New York, p. 281.StrathernP. (2009). . Bantam Books, New York, p. 281.Search in Google Scholar
83 Dwyer, P. (2013). Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power. Yale University Pres, New Haven, CT, pp. 205–206.DwyerP. (2013). . Yale University Pres, New Haven, CT, pp. 205–206.Search in Google Scholar
85 Smith, D. (1998). The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions, and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards, and Artillery, 1792-1815. Greenhill Books, London.SmithD. (1998). . Greenhill Books, London.Search in Google Scholar
86 Muir, Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon, p. 68;Muir, , p. 68;Search in Google Scholar
Rothenberg, The Art of War in the Age of Napoleon, p. 138.Rothenberg, , p. 138.Search in Google Scholar