Open Access

Exploring the Role of Five Key Risks for Apple Farmers: An Explanatory and Inferential Analysis

 and   
Jun 30, 2025

Cite
Download Cover

Abdullah, M. H. S. B., A. Azmi, R. Yakob, and H. Redzuan. 2024. Risk Management Literacy Level among Oil Palm Smallholders in Malaysia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika (Journal of Tropical Forest Management) 30 (1): 129–37. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.30.1.129. Search in Google Scholar

Alem, H. 2021. A Metafrontier Analysis on the Performance of Grain-Producing Regions in Norway. Economies 9 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9010010. Search in Google Scholar

Aluwani, T. 2023. Agricultural Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Supply and CO2 Emissions Nexus. Economies 11 (3): 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11030085. Search in Google Scholar

Angelucci, F., and P. Conforti. 2010. Risk Management and Finance along Value Chains of Small Island Developing States. Evidence from the Caribbean and the Pacific. Food Policy 35 (6): 565–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.07.001. Search in Google Scholar

Anton, S. G., and A. E. A. Nucu. 2020. Enterprise Risk Management: A Literature Review and Agenda for Future Research. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13 (11): 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13110281. Search in Google Scholar

Barneo-Alcántara, M., M. Díaz-Pérez, M. Gómez-Galán, Á. Carreño-Ortega, and Á.-J. Callejón-Ferre. 2021. Musculoskeletal Disorders in Agriculture: A Review from Web of Science Core Collection. Agronomy 11 (10): 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102017. Search in Google Scholar

Barrett, C. B., T. Reardon, and P. Webb. 2001. Nonfarm Income Diversification and Household Livelihood Strategies in Rural Africa: Concepts, Dynamics, and Policy Implications. Food Policy 26 (4): 315–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00014-8. Search in Google Scholar

Barrett, K., T. Reardon, and P. Webb. 2004. The Challenges of Incorporating Risk Management into Global Food Security Policies. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2004, 86(5) edition, sec. 86(5). Search in Google Scholar

Batrancea, L. M., A. Murrja, E. S. Masca, P. Ndreca, H. Tulai, and B. Poleshi. 2024. Does Taxation Foster Entrepreneurship across Western Balkans Countries? Empirical Evidence across 30 Years. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing 31 (2): 225–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1051712X.2024.2349094. Search in Google Scholar

Berry-Stölzle, T. R., and J. Xu. 2018. Enterprise Risk Management and the Cost of Capital. Journal of Risk and Insurance 85 (1): 159–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/jori.12152. Search in Google Scholar

Bird, D., and M. Fafchamps. 2004. Market Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and Evidence. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 37 (2): 382. https://doi.org/10.2307/4129030. Search in Google Scholar

Brown, L. R. 2012. Outgrowing the Earth. 0 ed. Routledge. Accessed 29 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849772112. Search in Google Scholar

BSI, B. 2018. Risk Management - Guidelines. Reference number ISO 31000:2018(E). London: BSI. Search in Google Scholar

Carletto, C., S. Gourlay, and P. Winters. 2015. From Guesstimates to GPStimates: Land Area Measurement and Implications for Agricultural Analysis. Journal of African Economies 24 (5): 593–628. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejv011. Search in Google Scholar

Çera, G., P. Breckova, E. Çera, and Z. Rozsa. 2019. The Effect of Business Enabling Policies, Tax Treatment, Corruption and Political Connections on Business Climate. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 16 (4): 113–32. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.16.4.2019.4.6. Search in Google Scholar

Çerpja, T., and A. Murrja. 2024. Market Risk AnalysisMicroeconomic Aspect of Vegetable Farms in Guri i Zi Administrative Unit, Shkodër in Albania. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 21 (April): 885–95. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2024.21.74. Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Y., X. Wen, B. Wang, and P. Nie. 2017. Agricultural Pollution and Regulation: How to Subsidize Agriculture? Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (October): 258–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.216. Search in Google Scholar

De Oliveira, U. R., F. A. S. Marins, H. M. Rocha, and V. A. P. Salomon. 2017. The ISO 31000 Standard in Supply Chain Risk Management. Journal of Cleaner Production 151 (May): 616–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.054. Search in Google Scholar

Dmitrijeva, J., A. Schroeder, A. Ziaee Bigdeli, and T. Baines. 2020. Context Matters: How Internal and External Factors Impact Servitization. Production Planning & Control 31 (13): 1077–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1699195. Search in Google Scholar

Duong, T. T., T. Brewer, J. Luck, and K. Zander. 2019. A Global Review of Farmers Perceptions of Agricultural Risks and Risk Management Strategies. Agriculture 9 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010010. Search in Google Scholar

Durga, N., P. Schmitter, C. Ringler, S. Mishra, M. S. Magombeyi, A. Ofosu, P. Pavelic, et al. 2024. Barriers to the Uptake of Solar-Powered Irrigation by Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Energy Strategy Reviews 51 (January): 101294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101294. Search in Google Scholar

Earl, R., P. N. Wheeler, B. S. Blackmore, and R. J. Godwin. 1996. Precision Farming-the Management of Variability. 51 (4): 18–23. Search in Google Scholar

Eggertsson, T. 1998. Sources of Risk, Institutions for Survival, and a Game against Nature in Premodern Iceland. Explorations in Economic History 35 (1): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1997.0686. Search in Google Scholar

Fabrigar, L. R., and D. T. Wegener. 2011. Exploratory Factor Analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Accessed 30 August 2019. Search in Google Scholar

FAO. 2020. Smallholders and Family Farms in Albania - Country Study Report 2019. FAO. Accessed 29 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca7450en. Search in Google Scholar

Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A. Buchner, and A.-G. Lang. 2009. Statistical Power Analyses Using G*Power 3.1: Tests for Correlation and Regression Analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41 (4): 1149–60. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149. Search in Google Scholar

Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A.-G. Lang, and A. Buchner. 2007. G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences. Behavior Research Methods 2007 39:2 39 (2): 175–91. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146. Search in Google Scholar

Figurek, A., K. Morphi, and A. Thrassou. 2023. A Sustainable Risk Management Model and Instruments for Young Farmers in EU Agriculture. Sustainability 16 (1): 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010283. Search in Google Scholar

Flaten, O., G. Lien, M. Koesling, P. S. Valle, and M. Ebbesvik. 2005. Comparing Risk Perceptions and Risk Management in Organic and Conventional Dairy Farming: Empirical Results from Norway. Livestock Production Science 95 (1–2): 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.10.014. Search in Google Scholar

Fletcher, W. (Rick) J. 2015. Review and Refinement of an Existing Qualitative Risk Assessment Method for Application within an Ecosystem-Based Management Framework. ICES Journal of Marine Science 72 (3): 1043–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu142. Search in Google Scholar

George, D., and P. Mallery. 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 6th ed. New York: Routledge. Accessed 26 June 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429056765. Search in Google Scholar

Gërdoçi, B., E. Skreli, and D. Imami. 2016. Determinants of Sustainable Relationships in the Albanian Apple Production Sector. International Journal on Food System Dynamics Vol 7 (February): 50-65 Pages. https://doi.org/10.18461/IJFSD.V7I1.715. Search in Google Scholar

Girdžiūtė, L. 2012. Risks in Agriculture and Opportunities of Their Integrated Evaluation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 62 (October): 783–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.132. Search in Google Scholar

Haden, V. R., M. T. Niles, M. Lubell, J. Perlman, and L. E. Jackson. 2012. Global and Local Concerns: What Attitudes and Beliefs Motivate Farmers to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change? Edited by Julian Clifton. PLoS ONE 7 (12): e52882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052882. Search in Google Scholar

Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis. United States of America: Prentice Hall. Search in Google Scholar

Hardaker, J. B. 2015. Coping with Risk in Agriculture: Applied Decision Analysis. Place of publication not identified: CABI. Search in Google Scholar

Hardaker, J. B., R. B. M. Huirne, J. R. Anderson, and G. Lien, eds. 2004. Coping with Risk in Agriculture. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI. Accessed 22 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998312.0000. Search in Google Scholar

Harrell, F. E. 2015. Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic and Ordinal Regression, and Survival Analysis. Springer. Accessed 15 August 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19425-7_1. Search in Google Scholar

Harwood, J. L., R. G. Heifner, K. H. Coble, J. E. Perry, and A. Somwaru. 1999. Managing Risk in Farming: Concepts, Research, and Analysis. Accessed 21 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.34081. Search in Google Scholar

Hassan, A., A. Farooq, M. Ishaq, G. Sadiq, and A. Nawaz. 2023. Risk and Coping Strategies of Vegetable Smallholder Farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 39 (2). Accessed 21 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2023/39.2.440.451. Search in Google Scholar

Hayran, S., and A. Gül. 2015a. Risk Perception and Management Strategies in Dairy Farming: A Case of Adana Province of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3 (12): 952. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i12.952-961.583. Search in Google Scholar

Hayran, S., and A. Gül. 2015b. Risk Perception and Management Strategies in Dairy Farming: A Case of Adana Province of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3 (12): 952. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i12.952-961.583. Search in Google Scholar

HM Treasury. 2023. The Orange Book – Management of Risk – Principles and Concepts. UK Government. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6453acadc33b460012f5e6b8/HMT_Orange_Book_May_2023.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

Hopkin, P. 2018. Fundamentals of Risk Management: Understanding, Evaluating and Implementing Effective Risk Management. 5th Edition. New York: Kogan Page. Search in Google Scholar

Huffman, W. E., and R. E. Evenson. 2001. Structural and Productivity Change in US Agriculture, 1950–1982. Agricultural Economics 24 (2): 127–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00019.x. Search in Google Scholar

IEC/FDIS31010, I. 2009. Risk Management — Risk Assessment Techniques. IEC/FDIS 31010:2009(E). Search in Google Scholar

INSTAT. 2023. Agricultural Statistics 2022 (Statistikat e Bujqësisë 2022). INSTAT. Search in Google Scholar

Iqbal, M. A. 2018. FARM RISK SOURCES AND THEIR MITIGATION: A CASE OF COTTON GROWERS IN PUNJAB. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 55 (03): 683–90. https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/18.7070. Search in Google Scholar

ITU, and FAO. 2020. Status of Digital Agriculture in 18 Countries of Europe and Central Asia. FAO & ITU, 1–102. Search in Google Scholar

Jankelová, N., Z. Joniaková, A. Romanová, and K. Remeňová. 2020. Motivational Factors and Job Satisfaction of Employees in Agriculture in the Context of Performance of Agricultural Companies in Slovakia. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská Ekonomika) 66 (9): 402–12. https://doi.org/10.17221/220/2020-AGRICECON. Search in Google Scholar

Jankelova, N., D. Masar, and S. Moricova. 2017. Risk Factors in the Agriculture Sector. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská Ekonomika) 63 (6): 247–58. https://doi.org/10.17221/212/2016-AGRICECON. Search in Google Scholar

Joffre, O. M., P. M. Poortvliet, and L. Klerkx. 2019. To Cluster or Not to Cluster Farmers? Influences on Network Interactions, Risk Perceptions, and Adoption of Aquaculture Practices. Agricultural Systems 173 (July): 151–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.02.011. Search in Google Scholar

Just, R. E., and R. D. Pope. 2001. Chapter 12 The Agricultural Producer: Theory and Statistical Measurement. In Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 1:629–741. Elsevier. Accessed 24 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10015-0. Search in Google Scholar

Kahan, D. 2008. Managing Risk in Farming. Reprint. Farm Management Extension Guide 3. Rome: FAO. Search in Google Scholar

Kalogiannidis, S., C.-I. Papadopoulou, E. Loizou, and F. Chatzitheodoridis. 2023. Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience in Agriculture and Their Impact on Sustainable Rural Economy Development: A Case Study of Greece. Agriculture 13 (6): 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061222. Search in Google Scholar

Karadas, K., and A. Birinci. 2018. Identification of Risk Factors Affecting Production of Beekeeping Farms and Development of Risk Management Strategies: A New Approach. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 47: e20170252. Search in Google Scholar

Khan, F., S. Rathnayaka, and S. Ahmed. 2015. Methods and Models in Process Safety and Risk Management: Past, Present and Future. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 98 (November): 116–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.07.005. Search in Google Scholar

Kimhi, A. 1994. Optimal Timing of Farm Transferal From Parent to Child. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76 (2): 228–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243624. Search in Google Scholar

Komarek, A. M., A. De Pinto, and V. H. Smith. 2020. A Review of Types of Risks in Agriculture: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Agricultural Systems 178 (February): 102738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102738. Search in Google Scholar

Kurtaj, D., T. Çerpja, and A. Murrja. 2024. Financial Risk Analysis - Case Study Guri I Zi in the Municipality of Shkodër in Albania. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 20 (March): 66–75. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2024.20.8. Search in Google Scholar

Kwak, J., J. Kim, H. Lee, S. Kim, S. Kim, and M. S. Kang. 2024. Evaluation of Future Flood Probability in Agricultural Reservoir Watersheds Using an Integrated Flood Simulation System. Journal of Hydrology 628 (January): 130463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130463. Search in Google Scholar

Lefore, N., A. Closas, and P. Schmitter. 2021. Solar for All: A Framework to Deliver Inclusive and Environmentally Sustainable Solar Irrigation for Smallholder Agriculture. Energy Policy 154 (July): 112313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112313. Search in Google Scholar

Lobos, G., B. Schnettler, C. Mena, Y. Ormazábal, J. C. Cantillana, and J. B. Retamales. 2018. Perception of Risk Sources by Chilean Blueberry Producers. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 40 (6). Accessed 22 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452018248. Search in Google Scholar

Lushi, I., G. Çera, A. Murrja, and S. Ujkani. 2023. Linking Farmers Bargaining Power in Trade to Their Plans for Future Economic Activities. South East European Journal of Economics and Business 18 (2): 173–85. https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2023-0026. Search in Google Scholar

Maddison, D. 2007. The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa. Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. Accessed 22 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4308. Search in Google Scholar

Maloku, S., G. Çera, Z. Metzker, I. Lushi, and B. Poleshi. 2021. The Role of Access to Information in Trading Relationship and Plans for Future Activities. Journal of International Studies 14 (2): 113–27. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2021/14-2/8. Search in Google Scholar

Maloku, S., G. Çera, B. Poleshi, I. Lushi, and Z. Metzker. 2021. The Effect of Relationship Quality on Contract Farming: The Mediating Role of Conflict between Trading Partners in Albania. Economics & Sociology 14 (3): 283–96. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-3/15. Search in Google Scholar

Markelova, H., R. Meinzen-Dick, J. Hellin, and S. Dohrn. 2009. Collective Action for Smallholder Market Access. Food Policy 34 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.10.001. Search in Google Scholar

Markić, M., Ž. Požega, and B. Crnković. 2022. The Impact of Knowledge Management on the Economic Indicators of the Companies. South East European Journal of Economics and Business 17 (2): 34–48. https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2022-0013. Search in Google Scholar

Melyukhina, O. 2011. Risk Management in Agriculture in New Zealand. Accessed 1 July 2024. https://www.oecdilibrary.org/content/paper/5kgj0d3vzcth-en. Search in Google Scholar

Meuwissen, M. P. M., J. B. Hardaker, R. B. M. Huirne, and A. A. Dijkhuizen. 2001. Sharing Risks in Agriculture; Principles and Empirical Results. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 49 (4): 343–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-5214(01)80022-1. Search in Google Scholar

Meuwissen, M. P. M., R. B. M. Huirne, and J. B. Hardaker. 2001. Risk and Risk Management: An Empirical Analysis of Dutch Livestock Farmers. Livestock Production Science 69 (1): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00247-5. Search in Google Scholar

Murrja, A., D. Kurtaj, A. Ndregjoni, and L. Prend. 2023. Vegetable Farmers Perception of Production Risk Sources and Environmental Aspects – Descriptive Statistical Analysis and Multifactorial Linear Regression. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 19 (September): 826–35. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.78. Search in Google Scholar

Murrja, A., P. Ndreca, S. Maloku, and M. Meço. 2023. Analysis of Production Risk in Intensive Chicken Farms – The Case of Kosovo. Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 23 (2): 294–310. https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2023-0032. Search in Google Scholar

Murrja, A., A. Ndregjoni, I. Kapaj, S. Maloku, and A. Kapaj. 2022. Financial Risk Analysis in the Intensive Poultry Growth in the Republic of Kosovo. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 14 (03): 366–87. Search in Google Scholar

Ndregjoni, A., A. Murrja, and L. Prendi. 2023. Analysis of Legal Risk in Farms of Intensive Chicken Production - The Case of Kosovo. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 19 (July): 655–67. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.64. Search in Google Scholar

Nelson, S. G. A., A. E. Klodd, and W. D. Hutchison. 2023. Hail Netting Excludes Key Insect Pests and Protects from Fruit Damage in a Commercial Minnesota Apple Orchard. Edited by Anne Nielsen. Journal of Economic Entomology 116 (6): 2104–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad197. Search in Google Scholar

Noumir, A. M., M. R. Langemeier, and M. L. Mallory. 2023. Risk-Adjusted Farm Returns and Farm Size. Agricultural Finance Review 83 (3): 528–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-06-2022-0070. Search in Google Scholar

OECD. 2000. Income Risk Management in Agriculture. OECD. Accessed 2 January 2025. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264189584-en. Search in Google Scholar

OECD. 2009. Managing Risk in Agriculture: A Holistic Approach. OECD. Accessed 22 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264075313-en. Search in Google Scholar

Okoye, P. U., K. C. Okolie, and I. A. Odesola. 2022. Risks of Implementing Sustainable Construction Practices in the Nigerian Building Industry. Construction Economics and Building 22 (1). Accessed 22 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v22i1.7420. Search in Google Scholar

Osmani, M., and A. Kambo. 2019. EFFICIENCY OF APPLE SMALL-SCALE FARMING IN ALBANIA-A STOCHASTIC FRONTIER APPROACH. New Medit 18 (2): 57–70. https://doi.org/10.30682/nm1902d. Search in Google Scholar

Pallant, J. 2016. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Accessed 6 August 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Rahmawati, W., S. V. Siregar, E. R. Shauki, and V. Anggraita. 2024. Enterprise Risk Management and Cost of Debt: The Moderating Role of Crisis. Cogent Business & Management 11 (1): 2296702. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2296702. Search in Google Scholar

Rejda, G. E., and M. J. McNamara. 2014. Principles of Risk Management and Insurance. Twelfth edition. The Pearson Series in Finance. Boston: Pearson. Search in Google Scholar

Řezník, T., V. Lukas, K. Charvát, K. Charvát, Z. Křivánek, M. Kepka, L. Herman, and H. Řezníková. 2017. Disaster Risk Reduction in Agriculture through Geospatial (Big) Data Processing. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 6 (8): 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080238. Search in Google Scholar

Saha, A., C. R. Shumway, and H. Talpaz. 1994. Joint Estimation of Risk Preference Structure and Technology Using Expo-Power Utility. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76 (2): 173–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243619. Search in Google Scholar

Schaffnit-Chatterjee, C. 2010. Risk Management in Agriculture Towards Market Solutions in the EU. Deutsche Bank Research. Search in Google Scholar

Sciabarrasi, M. 2024. The Big Five Risks Faced by Farmers. New England Vegetable Management Guide. Search in Google Scholar

Seamon, E., P. E. Gessler, J. T. Abatzoglou, P. W. Mote, and S. S. Lee. 2023. Climatic Damage Cause Variations of Agricultural Insurance Loss for the Pacific Northwest Region of the United States. Agriculture 13 (12): 2214. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13122214. Search in Google Scholar

Shang, Q., H. Lu, M. Yang, Y. Wu, and Q. Chen. 2024. The Advancement and Prospects of the Tree Trunk Injection Technique in the Prevention and Control of Diseases and Pests. Agriculture 14 (1): 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14010107. Search in Google Scholar

Skreli, E., and D. Imami. 2019. Agricultural Risk—A Rapid Assessment and Recommended Mitigation Mechanisms. Technical Report Prepared for EBRD. Search in Google Scholar

Spornberger, A., E. Kullaj, A. Mehmeti, B. Öhlinger, S. Sylanaj, A. Demaj, and T. Thomai. 2013. Organic Apple Growing in Kosovo and Albania–a Survey of the Current Situation and Possibilities for Improvement. Organic Agriculture 3 (3–4): 175–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-014-0059-1. Search in Google Scholar

Stevens, J. P., and K. A. Pituch. 2015. Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences: Analyses with SAS and IBMs SPSS. Routledge. Search in Google Scholar

Sulewski, P., and A. Kłoczko-Gajewska. 2014. Farmers Risk Perception, Risk Aversion and Strategies to Cope with Production Risk: An Empirical Study from Poland. Studies in Agricultural Economics 116 (3): 140–47. https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1414. Search in Google Scholar

The Orange Book, M. of R. – P. and C. 2023. The Orange Book Management of Risk – Principles and Concepts. UK Government. Search in Google Scholar

Thomas, G. 2018. Risk Management in Agriculture. The Scottish Parliament and SPICe. Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, N. M., C. Bir, and N. J. O. Widmar. 2019. Farmer Perceptions of Risk in 2017. Agribusiness 35 (2): 182–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21566. Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, P. B. 2017. The Spirit of the Soil: Agriculture and Environmental Ethics. Second edition. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Search in Google Scholar

Tomorri, I., S. Domi, G. Çera, R. Keco, and I. Kapaj. 2024. Examination of the Importance and Level of Application of Digitization in the Rural Sector, the Case of Albania. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics 21: 528–43. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2024.21.44. Search in Google Scholar

Tourangeau, R., and T. Yan. 2007. Sensitive Questions in Surveys. Psychological Bulletin 133 (5): 859–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859. Search in Google Scholar

Ullah, R., G. P. Shivakoti, F. Zulfiqar, and M. A. Kamran. 2016. Farm Risks and Uncertainties: Sources, Impacts and Management. Outlook on Agriculture 45 (3): 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727016665440. Search in Google Scholar

Valaskova, K., T. Kliestik, L. Svabova, and P. Adamko. 2018. Financial Risk Measurement and Prediction Modelling for Sustainable Development of Business Entities Using Regression Analysis. Sustainability 10 (7): 2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072144. Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 2017. Agriculture for Jobs and Growth in the Western Balkans. World Bank, Washington, DC. Accessed 27 November 2024. https://doi.org/10.1596/32204. Search in Google Scholar