Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Self-employment | |||||
| 0.071 (.086) | .264 (0.089)*** | 0.254 (0.252) | 0.184 (0.133) | 0.019 (0.102) |
| 0.107 (0.063)* | −0.066 (0.069) | −.388 (.217)* | 0.115 (0.117) | 0.113 (0.111) |
| 0.179 (0.098)* | 0.198 (0.097)** | −0.133 (0.281) | 0.299 (0.160)* | 0.132 (0.131) |
Regular employment | −0.096 (0.111) | −0.128 (0.098) | 0.479 (0.287)* | −0.247 (0.180) | −0.181 (0.151) |
Any employment | 0.083 (0.095) | 0.070 (0.076) | 0.346 (0.262) | 0.052 (0.164) | −0.049 (0.131) |
Self-employment earnings | 24 (116) | 131 (253) | 901 (661) | 290 (249) | −208 (188) |
Regular earnings | 207 (528) | −800 (797) | 3,086 (1,628)* | 181 (559) | −1,871 (1,414) |
Total earnings | 231 (532) | −669 (796) | 3,987 (1,755)** | 471 (599) | −2,078 (1,430) |
Has employees | −0.003 (054) | −0.008 (0.054) | 0.412 (0.194)** | 0.056 (0.063) | −0.025 (0.045) |
Number of employees | 0.08 (0.21) | 0.02 (0.26) | 0.75 (0.74) | 0.42 (0.37) | −0.07 (0.08) |
Sample size |
By self-employment experience | By college degree | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No self-employment experience | Self-employment experience | No college degree | College degree | |
Self-employment | ||||
| 0.262 (0.178) | 0.015 (0.197) | 0.068 (0.140) | 0.263 (0.242) |
| 0.161 (0.140) | 0.074 (0.203) | 0.145 (0.122) | 0.111 (0.410) |
| 0.423 (0.209)** | 0.089 (0.248) | 0.213 (0.167) | 0.374 (0.330) |
Salary employment | −0.343 (0.243) | −0.070 (0.256) | −0.262 (0.194) | 0.172 (0.244) |
Any employment | 0.080 (0.223) | 0.018 (0.231) | −0.048 (0.181) | 0.546 (0.309) |
Self-Emp. earnings | 292 (327) | 291 (382) | 0.299 (253) | 1,028 (1,707) |
Salary earnings | 547 (857) | −227 (577) | 476 (694) | −1,194 (1,688) |
Has employees | 0.143 (0.159) | −0.005 (0.094) | 0.081 (0.070) | 0.033 (0.047) |
Number of employees | 0.29 (0.17) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.48 (0.44) | −0.31 (1.83) |
Self-employment | ||||
| 0.200 (0.114)* | −0.271 (0.259) | −0.067 (0.212) | 0.073 (0.125) |
| 0.128 (0.091) | 0.004 (0.319) | −0.171 (0.250) | 0.159 (0.133) |
| 0.328 (0.140)** | −0.266 (0.348) | −0.237 (0.310) | 0.232 (0.156) |
Salary employment | −0.250 (0.185) | 0.078 (0.328) | −0.210 (0.347) | −0.159 (0.173) |
Any employment | 0.078 (0.167) | −0.188 (0.259) | −0.448 (0.335) | 0.073 (0.151) |
Self-Emp. earnings | 148 (87)* | −647 (620) | −509 (354) | −102 (245) |
Salary earnings | −1,849 (2,159) | −720 (830) | −9,395 (5,619)* | 111 (603) |
Has employees | 0.037 (0.060) | −0.163 (0.094)* | 0.009 (0.088) | −0.039 (0.055) |
Number of employees | 0.06 (0.08) | −0.41 (0.24)* | −0.15 (0.21) | −0.06 (0.08) |
By Credit | Access | By Age | ||
Bad Credit | Good Credit | <45 Years | 45+ Years | |
Self-employment | ||||
| 0.310 (0.205) | 0.039 (0.181) | 0.377 (0.274) | 0.090 (0.165) |
| 0.039 (0.187) | 0.145 (0.150) | 0.241 (0.224) | 0.063 (0.147) |
| 0.349 (0.253) | 0.184 (0.206) | 0.618 (0.327)* | 0.153 (0.202) |
Salary employment | −0.440 (0.304) | −0.069 (0.226) | −0.267 (0.344) | −0.261 (0.228) |
Any employment | −0.091 (0.281) | 0.115 (0.194) | 0.351 (0.330) | −0.108 (0.207) |
Self-Emp. earnings | 303 (464) | 277 (261) | 672 (536) | 47 (289) |
Salary earnings | −62 (1,114) | 257 (476) | 821 (1,440) | −135 (500) |
Has employees | −0.098 (0.097) | 0.170 (0.088)* | 0.125 (0.120) | 0.027 (0.082) |
Number of employees | −0.29 (0.29) | 0.76 (0.63) | 1.23 (1.02) | 0.06 (0.34) |
Self-employment | ||||
| 0.217 (0.424) | −0.015 (0.099) | – | 0.019 (0.102) |
| −0.721 (0.654) | 0.227 (0.114)** | – | 0.113 (0.111) |
| −.504 (0.670) | 0.213 (0.133) | – | 0.132 (0.131) |
Salary employment | 0.442 (0.686) | −0.246 (0.154) | – | −0.181 (0.151) |
Any employment | −0.062 (0.465) | −0.013 (0.133) | – | −0.036 (0.130) |
Self-Emp. earnings | −616 (858) | −141 (188) | −208 (188) | |
Salary earnings | 198 (1,210) | −2,013 (1,572) | −1,871 (1,414) | |
Has employees | −0.037 (0.062) | −0.014 (0.051) | – | −0.025 (0.045) |
Number of employees | −0.08 (0.09) | −0.05 (0.08) | – | −0.07 (.08) |
Number of counseling sessions | Number of workshops | |
---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | ||
Treatment | 1.2 (2.0) | 4.8 (5.6) |
Control | .3 (1.0) | 1.1 (2.7) |
Minnesota | ||
Treatment | 1.5 (2.1) | 4.9 (5.0) |
Control | .6 (2.1) | 1.9 (3.5) |
Maine | ||
Treatment | 1.4 (1.7) | 2.9 (4.4) |
Control | 1.0 (1.7) | 2.5 (4.1) |
North Carolina | ||
Treatment | 2.1 (3.3) | 3.5 (4.8) |
Control | .5 (1.7) | 1.8 (3.8) |
Virginia | ||
Treatment | 3.0 (1.3) | 5.4 (5.6) |
Control | 0.4 (1.3) | 2.0 (3.8) |
Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Self-employment | |||||
| 0.028 (0.037) | 0.102 (0.035)*** | 0.071 (0.069) | 0.040 (0.030) | 0.008 (0.037) |
| 0.046 (0.027)* | −0.026 (0.027) | −0.108 (0.053)** | 0.026 (0.026) | 0.036 (0.041) |
| 0.073 (0.042)* | 0.077 (0.038)** | −0.038 (0.077) | 0.066 (0.036)* | 0.044 (0.048) |
Regular employment | −0.040 (0.047) | −0.050 (0.038) | 0.134 (0.081)* | −0.055 (0.040) | −0.062 (0.055) |
Any employment Self-employment earnings | 0.033 (0.040) 4 (49) | 0.027 (0.030) 47 (99) | 0.096 (0.068) 252 (171) | 0.011 (0.037) 62 (55) | −0.018 (0.047) -94 (69) |
Regular earnings | 98 (223) | -314 (311) | 852 (404)** | 37 (124) | -666 (504) |
Total earnings | 102 (224) | -268 (311) | 1,112 (402)*** | 99 (132) | -760 (508) |
Has employees | −0.002 (0.023) | −0.004 (0.021) | 0.116 (0.050)** | 0.013 (0.014) | −0.009 (0.016) |
Number of employees | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.21 (0.21) | 0.10 (0.08) | −0.025 (0.028) |
All applicants | Treatment group | Control group | |
---|---|---|---|
Project GATE | |||
Pennsylvania | 722 (100%) | 352 (49%) | 370 (51%) |
Minnesota | 869 (100%) | 430 (49%) | 439 (51%) |
Maine | 226 (100%) | 106 (47%) | 120 (53%) |
GATE II | |||
North Carolina | 1,175 (100%) | 881 (75%) | 294 (25%) |
Virginia | 435 (100%) | 218 (50%) | 217 (50%) |
Project GATE | |||
Pennsylvania | 467 [65%] | 241 [68%] | 226 [61%] |
Minnesota | 675 [78%] | 356 [83%] | 319 [73%] |
Maine | 176 [78%] | 79 [75%] | 97 [81%] |
GATE II | |||
North Carolina | 825 [70%] | 629 [71%] | 196 [67%] |
Virginia | 336 [77%] | 178 [82%] | 158 [72%] |
By self-employment experience | By college degree | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No experience | With experience | No degree | With degree | |
Self-employment | ||||
| −0.017 (0.102) | 0.320 (0.213) | 0.070 (0.110) | 0.099 (0.160) |
| 0.109 (0.066)* | 0.146 (0.170) | 0.161 (0.084)* | 0.067 (0.106) |
| 0.092 (0.113) | 0.466 (0.247)* | 0.232 (0.130)* | 0.165 (0.171) |
Regular employment | −0.028 (0.132) | −0.205 (0.255) | −0.129 (0.156) | −0.057 (0.16) |
Any employment | 0.064 (0.113) | 0.260 (0.224) | 0.102 (0.135) | 0.108 (0.146) |
Self-emp. Earnings | 3 (120) | 151 (349) | 91 (128) | 25 (241) |
Regular earnings | 12 (652) | 673 (1,034) | −64 (685) | 768 (946) |
Has employees | −0.045 (0.059) | 0.102 (0.158) | −0.060 (0.077) | 0.106 (0.081) |
Number of employees | −0.10 (0.25) | 0.72 (0.51) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.38 (0.41) |
Self-employment | ||||
| 0.172 (0.103)* | 0.498 (0.183)*** | 0.169 (0.108) | 0.425 (0.151)*** |
| −0.045 (0.083) | −0.121 (0.134) | −0.046 (0.091) | −0.092 (0.108) |
| 0.127 (0.118) | 0.376 (0.183)** | 0.122 (0.122) | 0.333 (0.160)** |
Regular employment | −0.148 (0.123) | −0.150 (0.173) | −0.220 (0.126)* | −0.024 (0.158) |
Any employment | −0.022 (0.092) | 0.226 (0.134)* | −0.107 (0.104) | 0.309 (0.120)** |
Self-emp. Earnings | 154 (343) | 252 (295) | 226 (258) | 122 (480) |
Regular earnings | −1,290 (1,091) | 559 (836) | −459 (787) | −1,093 (1,516) |
Has employees | 0.005 (0.068) | −0.024 (0.096) | 0.068 (0.073) | −0.076 (0.083) |
Number of employees | 0.08 (0.33) | 0.07 (0.46) | 0.44 (0.38) | −0.34 (0.36) |
Self-employment | ||||
| −0.002 (0.222) | 0.364 (0.273) | 0.250 (0.186) | −0.072 (0.224) |
| −0.123 (0.236) | −0.438 (0.247)* | −0.095 (0.162) | −0.409 (0.204)** |
| −0.125 (0.271) | −0.074 (0.261) | 0.155 (0.196) | −0.482 (0.228)** |
Salary employment | 0.528 (0.266)* | 0.083 (0.333) | 0.221 (0.201) | 0.624 (0.292)** |
Any employment | 0.403 (0.235)* | −0.009 (0. 0.354) | 0.376 (0.283) | 0.142 (0.314) |
Self-Emp. Earnings | −128 (607) | 4,237 (3,752) | 1,168 (728) | 957 (2,523) |
Salary earnings | 7,025 (3,139)** | −4,925 (3,084) | 1,885 (1,425) | 9,280 (4,961)* |
Has employees | 0.120 (0.216) | 0.531 (0.310)* | 0.605 (0.191)*** | 0.181 (0.224) |
Number of employees | 0.14 (0.12) | 1.92 (0.94)* | 0.98 (0.46)** | 0.27 (0.41) |
By Credit Access | By Age | |||
Bad Credit | Good Credit | <45 Years | 45+ Years | |
Self-employment | ||||
| 0.199 (0.131) | −0.032 (0.117) | 0.177 (0.128) | −0.007 (0.123) |
| 0.024 (0.094) | 0.223 (0.083)*** | 0.072 (0.093) | 0.129 (0.090) |
| 0.223 (0.145) | 0.192 (0.130) | 0.249 (0.146)* | 0.122 (0.140) |
Salary employment | −0.077 (0.171) | −0.135 (0.137) | −0.116 (0.175) | −0.069 (0.150) |
Any employment | 0.146 (0.147) | 0.057 (0.119) | 0.133 (0.146) | 0.052 (0.135) |
Self-Emp. Earnings | 131 (157) | −21 (170) | 63 (176) | 13 (160) |
Salary earnings | 97 (738) | −50 (718) | −769 (923) | 946 (563) |
Has employees | 0.046 (085) | −0.022 (0.069) | −0.046 (0.083) | 0.018 (0.074) |
Number of employees | 0.45 (0.33) | −0.10 (0.27) | −0.07 (0.31) | 0.11 (0.30) |
Self-employment | ||||
| −0.063 (0.150) | 0.375 (0.107)*** | 0.324 (0.153)** | 0.235 (0.109)** |
| −0.077 (0.142) | −0.079 (0.078) | −0.086 (0.121) | −0.070 (0.083) |
| −0.140 (0.185) | 0.296 (0.113)*** | 0.238 (0.167) | 0.165 (0.118) |
Salary employment | 0.113 (0.206) | −0.209 (0.111)* | −0.363 (178)** | 0.023 (0.116) |
Any employment | −0.027 (0.160) | 0.087 (0.086) | −0.125 (0.131) | 0.188 (0.096)* |
Self-Emp. Earnings | 147 (284) | 70 (328) | 999 (437)** | −415 (328) |
Salary earnings | −1,010 (1,309) | −619 (978) | −2,096 (1,510) | −92 (875) |
Has employees | −0.132 (0.107) | 0.025 (0.063) | 0.027 (0.096) | −0.049 (0.065) |
Number of employees | −0.29 (0.37) | 0.12 (0.33) | −0.30 (0.45) | 0.10 (0.33) |
Self-employment | ||||
| 0.461 (0.220)** | −0.068 (0.341) | 0.191 (0.267) | 0.157 (0.332) |
| −0.403 (0.238)* | −0.138 (0.309) | −0.003 (0.291) | −0.524 (0.318) |
| 0.058 (0.255) | −0.235 (0.352) | 0.189 (0.295) | −0.367 (0.334) |
Salary employment | −0.054 (0.259) | 0.596 (0.315)* | 0.259 (0.249) | 0.495 (0.301) |
Any employment | 0.034 (0.239) | 0.361 (0.290) | 0.448 (0.230)* | 0.128 (0.286) |
Self-Emp. Earnings | 2,158 (1,888) | 611 (1,099) | 354 (776) | 1,557 (1,405) |
Salary earnings | 1,466 (3,238) | 5,004 (2,402)** | 4,209 (1,845)** | 3,990 (3,365) |
Has employees | 0.597 (0.329)* | 0.143 (0.376) | 0.464 (,260)* | 0.221 (0.433) |
Number of employees | 0.92 (0.52)* | 0.31 (0.46) | 1.07 (1.08) | 0.51 (1.3) |
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | |
Number of individuals | 241 | 226 | 356 | 319 | 79 | 97 |
0 sessions | 0.578 | 0.898 | 0.388 | 0.793 | 0.367 | 0.577 |
1–2 sessions | 0.220 | 0.053 | 0.419 | 0.116 | 0.443 | 0.268 |
3+ sessions | 0.203 | 0.049 | 0.194 | 0.091 | 0.190 | 0.155 |
0 workshops | 0.324 | 0.708 | 0.287 | 0.599 | 0.443 | 0.546 |
1–3 workshops | 0.220 | 0.186 | 0.216 | 0.241 | 0.317 | 0.237 |
4+ workshops | 0.456 | 0.106 | 0.497 | 0.160 | 0.241 | 0.217 |
No sessions, no workshops | 0.241 | 0.673 | 0.126 | 0.533 | 0.152 | 0.412 |
No sessions, 1–3 workshops | 0.137 | 0.155 | 0.081 | 0.172 | 0.152 | 0.082 |
No sessions, 4+ workshops | 0.199 | 0.071 | 0.180 | 0.088 | 0.063 | 0.082 |
1–2 sessions, no workshops | 0.062 | 0.013 | 0.112 | 0.044 | 0.241 | 0.082 |
1–2 sessions 1–3 workshops | 0.066 | 0.022 | 0.104 | 0.047 | 0.101 | 0.082 |
1–2 sessions 4+ workshops | 0.091 | 0.018 | 0.202 | 0.025 | 0.101 | 0.103 |
3+ sessions, no workshops | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.048 | 0.022 | 0.051 | 0.052 |
3+ sessions, 1–3 workshops | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.031 | 0.022 | 0.063 | 0.072 |
3+ sessions, 4+ workshops | 0.166 | 0.018 | 0.115 | 0.047 | 0.076 | 0.031 |
Unemployed workers in 2003 | Unemployed workers in 2009 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia† | |
Unemployment rate | 0.064 | 0.049 | 0.051 | 0.098 | 0.063 |
Male | 0.527 | 0.579 | 0.515 | 0.557 | 0.545 |
White | 0.797 | 0.849 | 0.947 | 0.649 | 0.707 |
Married | 0.410 | 0.391 | 0.511 | 0.398 | 0.552 |
18–25 years old | 0.215 | 0.258 | 0.194 | 0.229 | – |
25–34 years old | 0.207 | 0.192 | 0.194 | 0.201 | – |
35–44 years old | 0.225 | 0.218 | 0.207 | 0.186 | – |
45–54 years old | 0.207 | 0.192 | 0.242 | 0.217 | 0.579 |
55+ years old | 0.147 | 0.140 | 0.163 | 0.167 | 0.420 |
No high school diploma | 0.131 | 0.122 | 0.119 | 0.178 | 0.170 |
High school diploma | 0.508 | 0.437 | 0.520 | 0.434 | 0.373 |
Some college | 0.184 | 0.225 | 0.203 | 0.250 | 0.206 |
College degree | 0.176 | 0.220 | 0.159 | 0.139 | 0.252 |
Less than $25,000 | 0.376 | 0.319 | 0.423 | 0.449 | 0.453 |
$25,000–$49,999 | 0.291 | 0.275 | 0.286 | 0.266 | 0.212 |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.161 | 0.179 | 0.159 | 0.147 | 0.139 |
$75,000+ | 0.172 | 0.227 | 0.132 | 0.138 | 0.196 |
Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Any training | 0.425 (0.042)*** | 0.391 (0.033)*** | 0.279 (0.064)*** | 0.224 (0.039)*** | 0.361 (0.050)*** |
Workshops only | 0.100 (043)** | –0.004 (0.035) | 0.021 (0.063) | –0.052 (0.034) | –0.169 (0.045)*** |
Counseling only | 0.047 (0.022)** | 0.084 (0.025)*** | 0.192 (0.063)*** | 0.062 (0.023)*** | 0.061 (0.029)** |
Workshops plus counseling | 0.278 (0.036)*** | 0.311 (034)*** | 0.066 (0.071) | 0.205 (0.035)*** | 0.460 (0.045)*** |
Number of workshops | 3.8 (0.4)*** | 2.8 (0.3)*** | 0.3 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.2)*** | 3.4 (0.3)*** |
Number of counseling sessions | 0.9 (0.1)*** | 0.9 (0.2)*** | 0.5 (0.3)* | 1.5 (0.4)*** | 2.6 (0.3)*** |
Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Survey respondents | 467 | 675 | 176 | 825 | 336 |
Male | 0.533 | 0.610 | 0.602 | 0.525 | 0.479 |
Female | 0.467 | 0.390 | 0.398 | 0.475 | 0.521 |
White | 0.437 | 0.804 | 0.091 | 0.608 | 0.512 |
Nonwhite | 0.563 | 0.196 | 0.909 | 0.392 | 0.488 |
Married | 0.356 | 0.547 | 0.460 | 0.535 | 0.476 |
Disabled | 0.066 | 0.074 | 0.119 | 0.065 | 0.036 |
18–25 years old | 0.028 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.022 | – |
25–34 years old | 0.197 | 0.142 | 0.148 | 0.141 | – |
35–44 years old | 0.293 | 0.326 | 0.324 | 0.250 | – |
45–54 years old | 0.362 | 0.375 | 0.381 | 0.322 | 0.503 |
55+ years old | 0.120 | 0.141 | 0.131 | 0.265 | 0.497 |
No high school diploma | 0.041 | 0.016 | 0.063 | 0.072 | 0.010 |
High school diploma | 0.276 | 0.164 | 0.284 | 0.377 | 0.083 |
Some college | 0.370 | 0.333 | 0.318 | 0.267 | 0.283 |
College degree | 0.313 | 0.486 | 0.335 | 0.284 | 0.625 |
Self-employment experience | 0.238 | 0.270 | 0.318 | 0.322 | 0.435 |
Family business | 0.668 | 0.787 | 0.756 | 0.481 | – |
Relevant work experience | 0.792 | 0.827 | 0.807 | 0.388 | 0.893 |
Business plan | 0.214 | 0.169 | 0.176 | 0.127 | 0.051 |
Bad/no credit history | 0.548 | 0.292 | 0.386 | 0.512 | 0.199 |
Family financial support | 0.409 | 0.495 | 0.489 | 0.538 | 0.554 |
Household income | |||||
Less than $25,000 | 0.411 | 0.215 | 0.364 | 0.449 | 0.310 |
$25,000–$49,999 | 0.347 | 0.323 | 0.381 | 0.326 | 0.289 |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.137 | 0.216 | 0.165 | 0.136 | 0.137 |
$75,000+ | 0.105 | 0.246 | 0.091 | 0.090 | 0.265 |
Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Male | 0.006 (0.040) | 0.050 (0.036) | –0.116 (0.073) | –0.064 (0.030)** | 0.101 (0.054)* |
White | 0.044 (0.048) | 0.048 (0.044) | –0.181 (0.114) | 0.009 (0.031) | –0.022 (0.051) |
Married | 0.011 (0.049) | –0.003 (0.046) | 0.126 (0.087) | 0.012 (0.034) | 0.001 (0.061) |
Disabled | 0.001 (0.080) | 0.019 (0.067) | 0.036 (0.112) | –0.065 (0.063) | –0.117 (0.142) |
Age: 18–25 years | – | – | – | – | – |
Age: 25–34 years | 0.144 (0.105) | –0.143 (0.138) | –0.230 (0.269) | –0.171 (0.115) | – |
Age: 35–44 years | 0.103 (0.104) | –0.172 (0.136) | –0.375 (0.263) | –0.136 (0.113) | – |
Age: 45–54 years | 0.205 (0.106)* | –0.241 (0.136) | –0.346 (0.264) | –0.170 (0.113) | – |
Age: 55+ years | 0.076 (0.116) | –0.279 (0.145) | –0.452 (0.288) | –0.120 (0.114) | –0.003 (0.049) |
No high school diploma | – | – | – | – | – |
High school diploma | –0.080 (0.100) | 0.070 (0.124) | 0.017 (0.154) | –0.042 (0.057) | –0.105 (0.266) |
Some college | –0.093 (0.099) | 0.071 (0.121) | 0.060 (0.156) | –0.027 (0.059) | 0.043 (0.257) |
College degree | –0.047 (0.104) | 0.040 (0.121) | 0.083 (0.160) | –0.010 (0.062) | 0.026 (0.254) |
Self–employment experience | –0.017 (0.047) | –0.025 (0.041) | 0.047 (0.076) | 0.008 (0.032) | 0.065 (0.050) |
Family business | –0.068 (0.048) | 0.028 (0.046) | –0.026 (0.088) | 0.008 (0.028) | – |
Relevant work experience | 0.062 (0.040) | 0.035 (0.041) | –0.002 (0.083) | 0.028 (0.030) | 0.064 (0.076) |
Business plan | 0.015 (0.045) | –0.073 (0.045) | 0.045 (0.095) | –0.032 (0.043) | –0.166 (0.110) |
Bad/no credit history | –0.019 (0.043) | 0.037 (0.040) | .094 (0.075) | –0.021 (0.038) | 0.032 (0.064) |
Family financial support | 0.040 (0.043) | 0.065 (0.042) | –0.070 (0.078) | –0.040 (0.031) | 0.058 (0.054) |
Household income | |||||
Less than $25,000 | – | – | – | – | – |
$25,000–$49,999 | –0.018 (0.043) | 0.083 (0.048)* | –0.090 (0.088) | 0.019 (0.034) | –0.057 (0.064) |
$50,000–$74,999 | –0.087 (0.067) | 0.090 (0.058) | –0.090 (0.088) | –0.020 (0.049) | –0.101 (0.086) |
$75,000+ | –0.129 (0.081) | 0.058 (0.061) | 0.004 (0.155) | 0.113 (0.061)* | –0.036 (0.075) |
Constant | 0.470 (0.138)*** | 0.416 (0.181)** | 0.983 (0.383)*** | 0.949 (0.121)*** | 0.380 (0.270) |
R–squared | 0.0297 | 0.0329 | 0.0881 | 0.0212 | 0.0334 |
Observations | 722 | 869 | 226 | 1,175 | 435 |
North Carolina | Virginia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | |
Number of individuals | 629 | 196 | 178 | 158 |
0 sessions | 0.569 | 0.852 | 0.354 | 0.886 |
1–2 sessions | 0.129 | 0.066 | 0.185 | 0.076 |
3+ sessions | 0.302 | 0.082 | 0.461 | 0.038 |
0 workshops | 0.461 | 0.638 | 0.320 | 0.627 |
1–3 workshops | 0.191 | 0.219 | 0.174 | 0.196 |
4+ workshops | 0.348 | 0.143 | 0.506 | 0.177 |
No sessions, no workshops | 0.355 | 0.592 | 0.219 | 0.589 |
No sessions, 1–3 workshops | 0.045 | 0.020 | 0.039 | 0.019 |
No sessions, 4+ workshops | 0.062 | 0.026 | 0.062 | 0.019 |
1–2 sessions, no workshops | 0.094 | 0.168 | 0.045 | 0.177 |
1–2 sessions 1–3 workshops | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.062 | 0.019 |
1–2 sessions 4+ workshops | 0.059 | 0.020 | 0.067 | 0.000 |
3+ sessions, no workshops | 0.121 | 0.092 | 0.090 | 0.120 |
3+ sessions, 1–3 workshops | 0.046 | 0.015 | 0.084 | 0.038 |
3+ sessions, 4+ workshops | 0.181 | 0.036 | 0.331 | 0.019 |
Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Male | 0.015 (0.050) | 0.049 (0.041) | −0.134 (0.085) | −0.061 (0.035)* | 0.093 (0.062) |
White | 0.052 (0.061) | 0.039 (0.051) | −0.028 (0.141) | 0.031 (0.037) | −0.031 (0.058) |
Married | 0.005 (0.061) | 0.016 (0.054) | 0.074 (0.100) | 0.016 (0.041) | 0.032 (0.070) |
Disabled | 0.053 (0.097) | −0.001 (0.044) | 0.009 (0.126) | −0.111 (0.071) | −0.083 (0.153) |
Age: 18–25 years | −0.179 (0.151) | 0.168 (0.161) | 0.310 (0.301) | 0.075 (0.129) | – |
Age: 25–34 years | 0.001 (0.069) | −0.035 (0.062) | 0.122 (0.125) | −0.035 (0.055) | – |
Age: 35–44 years | – | – | – | – | – |
Age: 45–54 years | 0.066 (0.060) | −0.067 (0.048) | 0.026 (0.095) | −0.008 (0.045) | – |
Age: 55+ years | −0.043 (0.084) | −0.106 (0.067) | −0.103 (0.134) | 0.033 (0.048) | −0.016 (0.056) |
No high school diploma | – | – | – | – | – |
High school diploma | −0.196 (0.126) | 0.173 (0.163) | −0.139 (0.177) | −0.005 (0.068) | −0.319 (0.311) |
Some college | −0.172 (0.124) | 0.192 (0.159) | −0.126 (0.178) | 0.003 (0.070) | −0.092 (0.299) |
College degree | −0.175 (0.135) | 0.140 (0.163) | −0.060 (0.193) | 0.014 (0.072) | −0.127 (0.295) |
Self-employment experience | −0.085 (0.058) | −0.002 (0.045) | −0.018 (0.087) | −0.007 (0.038) | .076 (0.057) |
Family business | 0.069 (0.051) | 0.028 (0.048) | −0.067 (0.098) | 0.001 (0.034) | – |
Relevant work experience | −0.069 (0.059) | 0.058 (0.052) | 0.156 (0.111) | 0.042 (0.036) | 0.123 (0.090) |
Business plan | 0.021 (0.059) | −0.068 (0.052) | 0.154 (0.111) | 0.047 (0.051) | −0.141 (0.129) |
Bad/no credit history | −0.080 (0.053) | 0.057 (0.046) | 0.171 (0.098) | −0.019 (0.041) | 0.034 (0.072) |
Family financial support | 0.055 (0.055) | 0.038 (0.049) | −0.021 (0.091) | 036 (0.037) | 0.041 (0.063) |
Household income | |||||
Less than $25,000 | – | – | – | – | – |
$25,000–$49,999 | −0.027 (0.059) | 0.092 (0.057)* | −0.069 (0.101) | 0.017 (0.041) | −0.055 (0.074) |
$50,000–$74,999 | −0.102 (0.083) | 0.109 (0.068) | −0.046 (0.141) | −0.058 (0.057) | −0.133 (0.099) |
$75,000+ | −0.152 (0.098) | 0.098 (0.070) | 0.042 (0.173) | 0.059 (0.067) | −0.068 (0.085) |
Constant | 0.786 (0.147)** | 0.123 (0.193) | 0.293 (0.254) | 0.264 (0.080)*** | 0.223 (0.313) |
R-squared | 0.0621 | 0.0502 | 0.1366 | 0.0242 | 0.0426 |
Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Treatment | 0.067 (0.036)* | 0.084 (0.027)*** | –0.029 (0.057) | 0.035 (0.030) | 0.091 (0.040)** |
Male | –0.042 (0.037) | –0.070 (0.029)** | –0.097 (0.061) | –0.081 (0.028)*** | –0.057 (0.045) |
White | –0.020 (0.046) | –0.049 (0.035) | 0.117 (0.094) | –0.010 (0.029) | –0.018 (0.042) |
Married | 0.010 (0.046) | 0.081 (0.037)** | 0.029 (0.072) | 0.010 (0.031) | –0.108 (0.050)** |
Disabled | 0.080 (0.075) | 0.036 (0.053) | –0.137 (0.065)** | 0.129 (0.057)** | 0.148 (0.117) |
Age: 18–25 years | –0.101 (0.098) | 0.040 (0.108) | –0.094 (0.217) | 0.021 (0.093) | – |
Age: 25–34 years | –0.042 (0.049) | –0.080 (0.041)* | –0.188 (0.086)** | –0.058 (0.042) | – |
Age: 35–44 years | – | – | – | – | – |
Age: 45–54 years | 0.108 (0.046)** | 0.062 (0.034)* | –0.113 (0.070) | 0.007 (0.043) | – |
Age: 55+ years | 0.081 (0.065) | 0.108 (0.049)** | –0.110 (0.097) | 0.064 (0.046) | – |
No high school diploma | – | – | – | – | – |
High school diploma | –0.073 (0.094) | 0.177 (0.099)* | –0.059 (0.126) | –0.040 (0.049) | –0.105 (0.219) |
Some college | 0.041 (0.105) | 0.149 (0.096) | –0.090 (0.127) | –0.073 (0.061) | –0.007 (0.220) |
College degree | –0.017 (0.102) | 0.190 (0.099)* | –0.003 (0.146) | –0.099 (0.040)** | 0.067 (0.210) |
Self–employment experience | 0.008 (0.044) | 0.012 (0.033) | –0.037 (0.062) | 0.023 (0.030) | –0.024 (0.041) |
Family business | 0.075 (0.038)** | 0.077 (0.032)** | 0.008 (0.068) | –0.021 (0.027) | – |
Relevant work experience | –0.008 (0.045) | –0.021 (0.037) | –0.030 (0.072) | –0.034 (0.029) | 0.042 (0.038) |
Business plan | –0.074 (0.043)* | –0.057 (0.036) | –0.018 (0.078) | 0.002 (0.041) | 0.013 (0.091) |
Bad/no credit history | –0.019 (0.040) | –0.069 (0.032)** | –0.094 (0.062) | 0.021 (0.028) | 0.032 (0.024) |
Family financial support | –0.021 (0.041) | 0.000 (0.034) | –0.002 (0.064) | 0.032 (0.029) | 0.015 (0.045) |
Household income | |||||
Less than $25,000 | – | – | – | – | – |
$25,000–$49,999 | –0.023 (0.043) | –0.043 (0.039) | –0.090 (0.072) | 0.076 (0.032)** | –0.010 (0.053) |
$50,000–$74,999 | –0.013 (0.063) | –0.096 (0.046)** | 0.126 (0.103) | 0.060 (0.044) | 0.031 (0.071) |
$75,000+ | 0.067 (0.076) | –0.070 (0.049) | 0.145 (0.127) | 0.170 (0.058)*** | 0.110 (0.062)* |
Constant | 0.609 (0.111)*** | 0.420 (0.121)*** | 0.921 (0.186)*** | 0.804 (0.069)*** | 0.726 (0.224)*** |
R–squared | 0.0623 | 0.1041 | 0.0932 | 0.0609 | 0.0656 |
Project GATE | Self-employment experience | Good credit | College degree | 45+ years old |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | ||||
Good credit | −0.0201 | – | – | – |
College degree | 0.0173 | 0.1238 | – | – |
45+ years old | 0.2167 | 0.2365 | 0.0476 | – |
Minnesota | ||||
Good credit | −0.0483 | – | – | – |
College degree | −0.0077 | 0.0916 | – | – |
45+ years old | 0.1942 | 0.0124 | −0.0023 | – |
Maine | ||||
Good credit | 0.0042 | – | – | – |
College degree | 0.0711 | 0.0261 | – | – |
45+ years old | 0.2518 | 0.3044 | 0.1541 | – |
North Carolina | ||||
Good credit | 0.0119 | – | – | – |
College degree | 0.0379 | 0.1794 | – | – |
45+ years old | 0.1440 | 0.1524 | 0.0360 | – |
Virginia | ||||
Good credit | −0.0328 | – | – | – |
College degree | 0.0521 | 0.0355 | – | – |
Project GATE | GATE II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | |
Number of applicants | 722 | 869 | 226 | 1,175 | 435 |
Male | 0.546 | 0.627 | 0.628 | 0.558 | 0.506 |
Female | 0.454 | 0.373 | 0.372 | 0.442 | 0.494 |
White | 0.414 | 0.777 | 0.889 | 0.600 | 0.513 |
Nonwhite | 0.586 | 0.223 | 0.111 | 0.400 | 0.487 |
Married | 0.341 | 0.514 | 0.443 | 0.517 | 0.503 |
Disabled | 0.061 | 0.073 | 0.115 | 0.057 | 0.032 |
18–25 years old | 0.039 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.024 | – |
25–34 years old | 0.226 | 0.165 | 0.173 | 0.146 | – |
35–44 years old | 0.313 | 0.345 | 0.305 | 0.275 | – |
45–54 years old | 0.314 | 0.354 | 0.381 | 0.317 | 0.503 |
55+ years old | 0.108 | 0.119 | 0.124 | 0.237 | 0.497 |
Missing | – | 0.121 | |||
No high school diploma | 0.042 | 0.022 | 0.062 | 0.066 | 0.009 |
High school diploma | 0.298 | 0.167 | 0.301 | 0.359 | 0.103 |
Some college | 0.381 | 0.358 | 0.336 | 0.243 | 0.297 |
College degree | 0.280 | 0.454 | 0.301 | 0.212 | 0.591 |
Self-employment experience | 0.226 | 0.257 | 0.332 | 0.313 | 0.441 |
Family business | 0.639 | 0.768 | 0.748 | 0.491 | – |
Relevant work experience | 0.796 | 0.829 | 0.810 | 0.373 | 0.885 |
Business plan | 0.235 | 0.181 | 0.181 | 0.116 | 0.053 |
Bad/no credit history | 0.573 | 0.331 | 0.429 | 0.534 | 0.205 |
Family financial support | 0.418 | 0.480 | 0.473 | 0.521 | 0.559 |
Household income | |||||
Less than $25,000 | 0.425 | 0.229 | 0.407 | 0.489 | 0.308 |
$25,000–$49,999 | 0.352 | 0.327 | 0.367 | 0.310 | 0.308 |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.134 | 0.216 | 0.146 | 0.129 | 0.140 |
$75,000+ | 0.089 | 0.228 | 0.080 | 0.072 | 0.244 |
Project GATE | GATE II | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvania | Minnesota | Maine | North Carolina | Virginia | ||||||
Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | Treatment | Control | |
Self-employment | ||||||||||
| 0.203 | 0.168 | 0.343 | 0.235 | 0.253 | 0.258 | 0.164 | 0.117 | 0.129 | 0.114 |
| 0.104 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.144 | 0.089 | 0.154 | 0.129 | 0.092 | 0.208 | 0.152 |
| 0.307 | 0.235 | 0.463 | 0.379 | 0.342 | 0.412 | 0.293 | 0.209 | 0.337 | 0.266 |
Regular employment | 0.473 | 0.509 | 0.382 | 0.420 | 0.494 | 0.351 | 0.418 | 0.474 | 0.420 | 0.500 |
Any employment | 0.780 | 0.743 | 0.846 | 0.799 | 0.835 | 0.763 | 0.710 | 0.684 | 0.757 | 0.766 |
Self-employment earnings | 112 (525) | 97 (515) | 417 (1,286) | 329 (1,303) | 425 (1,451) | 154 (589) | 152 (748) | 87 (372) | 68 (330) | 148 (836) |
Regular earnings | 1,739 (2,464) | 1,636 (2,302) | 2,305 (4,315) | 2,422 (3,650) | 2,232 (352) | 1,389 (1,713) | 504 (1,658) | 453 (859) | 823 (1,610) | 1,480 (6,366) |
Total earnings | 1,851 (2,493) | 1,733 (2,302) | 2,722 (4,383) | 2,750 (3,735) | 2,657 (3,180) | 1,542 (1,752) | 656 (1,779) | 540 (894) | 891 (1,678) | 1,628 (6,391) |
Has employees | 0.058 | 0.062 | 0.084 | 0.075 | 0.152 | 0.063 | 0.035 | 0.020 | 0.017 | 0.025 |
Number of employees | 0.18 (0.94) | 0.16 (0.88) | 0.32 (1.33) | 0.27 (1.32) | 0.41 (1.14) | 0.21 (1.41) | 0.14 (1.13) | 0.06 (.47) | 0.02 (0.18) | 0.04 (0.31) |