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Not everyone is engaged: an innovative approach to measure engagement levels on the labor market


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Figure 1

Preferences by age – mean comparison.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Preferences by age – mean comparison.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 2

Hierarchical clustering for OLF women.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Hierarchical clustering for OLF women.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 3

Share of unemployed men by education level.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Share of unemployed men by education level.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 4

Share of unemployed women by education level.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Share of unemployed women by education level.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 5

Share of unemployed men by age range.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Share of unemployed men by age range.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 6

Share of unemployed women by marital status.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Share of unemployed women by marital status.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 7

Reservation wages – unemployed men.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Reservation wages – unemployed men.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 8

Reservation wages – unemployed women.Source: Authors’ elaboration.
Reservation wages – unemployed women.Source: Authors’ elaboration.

PCA scores for OLF women

VariableWeight
PreferencesCorrelationPearsonSpearman
1reasons_not_working0.580.59
2women_mixing_thoughts0.40.39
3women_work_attitude0.430.43
4work_attitude0.560.56

Baseline and assumptions on control and treatment outcomes

Baseline (B)Control (C)Treatment (T)
QuestionMeanSDMeanMean
Actual application0.490.500.490.49
CV updates1.681.591.683.00
Job search actions0.761.311.201.60
Last application1.441.631.441.44
Number of applications1.322.481.321.32
Recent search actions1.611.731.702.10
Job seriousness2.610.492.612.90
Search time3.975.393.975.00

Barriers

IdentifierExplanationOLFUnemployedEmployedMenWomen
barriers_not_workSelf-identified reasons why the individual has no jobYesYesNoYesYes
family_influenceOther members of the family have suggested the individual not to workYesNoNoYesYes
particular_barriersParticular barriers that individuals face (looking for/ during their) jobsYesYesYesYesYes
women_guardian_hoursAmount of hours that a guardian allows a woman to workYesYesYesNoYes
women_guardian_mixingIf the guardian allows mixing working environmentsYesYesYesNoYes
women_guardian_ transportTypes of transport allowed by the guardianYesYesYesNoYes
women_guardian_workIf the guardian allows women to workYesYesNoNoYes
women_hours_housecareHours dedicated to household choresYesYesYesNoYes
women_housecareAvailability of a domestic workerYesYesYesNoYes
women_own_transportTypes of transport acceptable for womenYesYesYesNoYes

Intensity

IdentifierExplanationOLFUnemployedEmployedMenWomen
actual_applicationPeople that applied for jobsNoYesNoYesYes
cv_updatePeople that updated their CVsNoYesNoYesYes
do_shiftsPeople willing to do working shiftsNoNoYesYesYes
extra_hoursNumber of extra hours that people are willing to doNoNoYesYesYes
future_job_searchPeople willing to look for a job in the futureYesNoNoYesYes
job_search_actionsNumber of job search actionsNoYesNoYesYes
last_applicationsTime when the last application was doneNoYesNoYesYes
last_searchTime when the last research was doneYesNoNoYesYes
multiple_jobIdentify people with multiple jobsNoNoYesYesYes
num_applicationsNumber of applications done by the individualNoYesNoYesYes
recent_search_actionsNumber of recent search actions doneNoYesNoNoNo
search_timeHours dedicated to job searchNoYesNoYesYes
serious_job_searchHow serious is the job searchNoYesNoYesYes

Dimension indices Weights of each of the PCAs performed for the three dimensions and the overall index.

PearsonSpearman
Work statusGenderDimensionVariablesPC1PC2PC1PC2
OLFMenBarriersComponent Variance0.280.480.280.48
1barriers_not_work_100.430.010.430.01
2particular_barriers_20.530.030.530.03
3particular_barriers_30.450.050.450.05
4particular_barriers_40.570.030.570.03
5family_influences0.0610.061
IntensityComponent Variance0.5410.541
1last_search0.710.710.710.71
2future_job_search0.710.710.710.71
PreferencesComponent Variance0.6510.651
1reasons_not_working0.710.710.710.71
2work_attitude0.710.710.710.71
WomenBarriersComponent Variance0.120.230.120.23
1barriers_not_work_60.260.040.240.02
2barriers_not_work_100.230.370.220.41
3particular_barriers_20.330.330.310.36
4particular_barriers_30.230.330.220.37
5particular_barriers_40.420.230.380.26
6particular_barriers_90.060.020.040.01
7women_guardian_mixing0.260.010.250.04
8women_guardian_transport0.40.250.430.24
9women_own_transport0.350.280.390.27
10women_guardian_work0.150.430.150.37
11women_housecare0.20.040.260.07
12women_hours_housecare0.210.040.240.01
13family_influences0.290.360.270.31
14women_guardian_hours0.030.3700.35
IntensityComponent Variance0.5310.541
1future_job_search0.710.710.710.71
2last_search0.710.710.710.71
PreferencesComponent Variance0.370.610.380.62
1reasons_not_working0.580.340.590.25
2women_mixing_thoughts0.40.90.390.85
3women_work_attitude0.430.270.430.45
4work_attitude0.560.080.560.02
UnemployedMenBarriersComponent Variance0.310.530.310.53
1barriers_not_work_100.360.570.360.57
2particular_barriers_20.510.380.510.38
3particular_barriers_30.50.130.50.13
4particular_barriers_40.510.230.510.23
5particular_barriers_80.320.680.320.68
IntensityComponent Variance0.230.40.230.4
1actual_applications0.520.290.50.3
2cv_update0.380.190.370.15
3job_search_actions0.140.510.20.49
4last_applications0.530.260.50.25
5num_applications0.460.110.480.21
6recent_search_actions0.240.430.240.43
7serious_job_search0.090.410.10.46
8search_time0.120.440.170.37
PreferencesComponent Variance0.160.30.170.31
1job_flexibility0.360.180.440.04
2min_work_hours0.560.270.530.08
3reasons_not_working0.020.590.090.53
4work_flex0.20.180.30.05
5work_hours0.560.230.540
6work_shift0.170.490.120.52
7relocate_willingess0.120.070.080.16
8work_attitude0.070.430.10.57
9attitude_requirements0.410.160.330.29
WomenBarriersComponent Variance0.10.20.110.2
1barriers_not_work_50.040.150.030.16
2barriers_not_work_60.260.190.210.26
3barriers_not_work_100.120.430.130.41
4particular_barriers_20.240.380.230.35
5particular_barriers_30.180.380.140.34
6particular_barriers_40.080.420.060.41
7particular_barriers_80.040.170.030.16
8particular_barriers_90.170.230.140.15
9women_guardian_hours0.110.170.240.29
10women_guardian_mixing0.3800.420
11women_guardian_transport0.530.240.50.26
12women_own_transport0.550.190.510.21
13women_guardian_work0.180.170.140.06
14women_housecare0.060.210.060.19
15women_hours_housecare0.130.10.260.25
IntensityComponent Variance0.240.390.250.41
1actual_applications0.490.230.510.16
2cv_update0.380.170.370.12
3job_search_actions0.220.520.140.62
4last_applications0.510.220.520.16
5num_applications0.440.010.480.1
6recent_search_actions0.240.460.210.56
7serious_job_search0.230.240.20.11
8search_time0.030.570.060.46
PreferencesComponent Variance0.150.260.150.26
1job_flexibility0.30.440.360.22
2min_work_hours0.520.240.50.15
3reasons_not_working0.050.1400.04
4women_mixing_thoughts0.360.110.390.07
5women_work_attitude0.090.420.070.45
6work_flex0.210.590.20.52
7work_hours0.490.240.490.05
8work_shift0.290.10.250.32
9relocate_willingess0.130.160.20.37
10work_attitude0.330.170.280.11
11attitude_requirements0.030.280.070.44
EmployedMenBarriersComponent Variance0.520.840.520.84
1particular_barriers_20.410.910.410.91
2particular_barriers_30.650.240.650.24
3particular_barriers_40.640.340.640.34
IntensityComponent Variance0.360.690.380.71
1multiple_job0.370.910.320.93
2extra_hours0.680.140.690.1
3do_shifts0.640.380.650.36
PreferencesComponent Variance0.290.540.30.55
1work_hours0.350.730.450.6
2mixed_gender_environment0.580.30.530.41
3work_attitude0.510.510.490.55
4attitude_requirements0.540.340.520.41
WomenBarriersComponent Variance0.160.310.160.32
1particular_barriers_20.60.060.590.1
2particular_barriers_30.560.060.550.1
3particular_barriers_40.440.060.440.08
4particular_barriers_80.360.010.350.04
5women_guardian_hours00.370.010.4
6women_guardian_mixing0.010.380.020.37
7women_guardian_transport0.070.580.120.56
8women_own_transport0.090.60.140.57
9women_housecare0.010.120.010.12
10women_hours_housecare0.020.0100.15
IntensityComponent Variance0.340.680.350.68
1multiple_job0.550.620.540.68
2extra_hours0.40.790.520.73
3do_shifts0.730.040.660.02
PreferencesComponent Variance0.230.410.240.42
1women_mixing_thoughts0.550.080.530.01
2women_work_attitude0.530.20.510.3
3work_hours0.280.540.370.44
4mixed_gender_environment0.560.010.530.04
5work_attitude0.150.260.20.03
6attitude_requirements0.040.770.040.85

Engagement levels of clusters

Labor Market GroupPreferencesIntensityBarriersRELI
OLF – Men
Cluster 1−0.25−3.001.38−1.86
Cluster 2−1.840.38−0.16−1.62
Cluster 30.590.36−0.97−0.02
Cluster 40.660.360.151.18
OLF – Women
Cluster 1−0.59−3.371.28−2.68
Cluster 2−1.51−0.54−0.07−2.12
Cluster 31.050.12−0.310.87
Cluster 41.021.800.223.04
Unemployed – Men
Cluster 1−1.910.27−1.17−2.80
Cluster 20.15−2.870.49−2.23
Cluster 31.030.80−1.660.16
Cluster 40.170.571.221.96
Unemployed – Women
Cluster 1−0.09−1.00−1.30−2.38
Cluster 2−1.23−0.710.74−1.19
Cluster 31.571.64−1.561.65
Cluster 40.871.382.164.41
Employed – Men
Cluster 1−0.540.08−0.77−1.24
Cluster 2−0.750.080.45−0.22
Cluster 31.000.08−0.740.34
Cluster 41.25−0.391.512.37
Employed – Women
Cluster 1−0.07−10.88−0.32−11.27
Cluster 2−0.800.15−0.50−1.15
Cluster 3−0.500.161.761.42
Cluster 41.800.210.342.35
Labor market groupPreferencesIntensityBarriersRELI

Clusters of unemployed men and women: profiles and interventions

Profiles by engagement dimensionIntervention focus by engagement dimension
PreferencesIntensityBarriersRELIPreferencesIntensityBarriersComments
Unemployed Men
Cluster 1Well belowBelowAverageWell belowAttitude changeJob search motivationEducation and skillsHardest to place; starting with regional focus is suggested
Cluster 2AverageAboveWell belowWell belowCorrecting expectationsEducation, skills, and EnglishYoung group; 90% are single
Cluster 3Well aboveWell belowAboveAverageJob search skills, counseling, etc.Job intermediation and motivation
Cluster 4AboveWell aboveAboveWell aboveReservation wage and job attitudeReady for the labor market but perhaps in different sectors
Unemployed Women
Cluster 1AverageBelowWell belowWell belowAttitude changeJob search motivation and skillsEducation, skills, and gender barriersHardest to place as interventions required in all engagement dimensions
Cluster 2BelowAboveWell belowBelowIntermediation services with focus on gender-adequate jobsInterventions toward influencers
Cluster 3Well aboveWell belowWell aboveAboveJob search skills, counseling, placement assistance, etc.Regional concentration
Cluster 4AboveWell aboveWell aboveWell aboveReady for the labor market but demand may be missing; focus sector to be explored

Preferences

IdentifierExplanationOLFUnemployedEmployedMenWomen
attitude_requirementsType of jobs that are considered acceptableNoYesYesYesYes
job_flexibilityConstraints on the jobs that the person is willing to acceptNoYesNoYesYes
min_work_hoursMinimum hours that the person is willing to workNoYesNoYesYes
mixed_gender_ environmentsDoes the working space have gender-mixing environmentsNoNoYesYesYes
reasons_not_workingReasons why the individual is not workingYesYesNoYesYes
relocate_willingessWillingness to reallocate to find a jobNoYesNoYesYes
women_mixing_ thoughtsAttitude toward gender-mixing environmentsYesYesYesNoYes
women_work_attitudeAttitude toward women workingYesYesYesNoYes
work_attitudeAttitude toward workYesYesYesYesYes
work_flexFlexible working conditionsNoYesNoYesYes
work_hoursAmount of working (or willing to work) hoursNoYesYesYesYes
work_shiftsWillingness to do work shiftsNoYesNoYesYes

Intensity index calculator

PCA score (W)Standardized value control (SC)Standardized value treatment (ST)Weighted value controlWeighted value treatment
FormulaXC¯XB¯SB$\frac{\overline{{{X}_{C}}}-\overline{{{X}_{B}}}}{{{S}_{B}}}$XT¯XB¯SB$\frac{\overline{{{X}_{T}}}-\overline{{{X}_{B}}}}{{{S}_{B}}}$WLSC$\frac{W}{\sqrt{L}}SC$WLST$\frac{W}{\sqrt{L}}ST$
Actual application0.490.000.000.000.00
CV updates0.380.000.830.000.65
Job search actions0.220.330.640.150.29
Last application0.510.000.000.000.00
Number of applications0.440.000.000.000.00
Resent search actions0.240.050.280.030.14
Job seriousness0.230.000.590.000.28
Search time0.030.000.190.000.01
PCA variance (L)0.24Intensity0.181.36