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The gender gap in academic productivity during the pandemic: Is childcare responsible?

Simone Chinetti
Simone Chinetti
   | Dec 31, 2023
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Published Online: Dec 31, 2023
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Received: Feb 13, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajole-2023-0007
Keywords
© 2023 Simone Chinetti, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Lockdown dates.Source: My own calculation based on newspapers and official statements.
Lockdown dates.Source: My own calculation based on newspapers and official statements.

Figure 2

School re-openings dates.Source: My own calculation based on COVID-19 Impact on Education and Education Week.
School re-openings dates.Source: My own calculation based on COVID-19 Impact on Education and Education Week.

Figure 3

Number of working papers by month.
Number of working papers by month.

Figure 4

Distribution of authors by gender and country of affiliation.
Distribution of authors by gender and country of affiliation.

Figure 5

Distribution of authors by gender and position.
Distribution of authors by gender and position.

Figure 6

Distribution of authors by gender and tenure.
Distribution of authors by gender and tenure.

Figure 7

Aggregate number of papers by gender.Notes: Mean values (bars) and 95% confidence interval.
Aggregate number of papers by gender.Notes: Mean values (bars) and 95% confidence interval.

Figure 8

Average no. of authors by period, gender and tenure.
Average no. of authors by period, gender and tenure.

Figure 9

Tenure, lockdowns and school re-openings.Notes: Panel (a) reports the relative decrease/increase according to estimated coefficients, F*LD and F*SO, of Table A1 in terms of the sample averages for all female economists. Panel (b), replicates Panel (a), but focusing only on academics, according to the baseline estimates available in Table A2.
Tenure, lockdowns and school re-openings.Notes: Panel (a) reports the relative decrease/increase according to estimated coefficients, F*LD and F*SO, of Table A1 in terms of the sample averages for all female economists. Panel (b), replicates Panel (a), but focusing only on academics, according to the baseline estimates available in Table A2.

Figure B1

Number of working papers by month in 2019.
Number of working papers by month in 2019.

Figure B2

Distribution of authors by gender and country of affiliation in 2019.
Distribution of authors by gender and country of affiliation in 2019.

Figure B3

Distribution of authors by gender and position in 2019.
Distribution of authors by gender and position in 2019.

Figure B4

Distribution of authors by gender and tenure in 2019.
Distribution of authors by gender and tenure in 2019.

Figure B5

Aggregate number of papers by gender in 2019.Notes: Sample period goes from January to November 17, 2019. Lockdown and school reopening dates are brought forward by one year.
Aggregate number of papers by gender in 2019.Notes: Sample period goes from January to November 17, 2019. Lockdown and school reopening dates are brought forward by one year.

Figure B6

Average no. of authors by period, gender and tenure in 2019.Notes: Sample period goes from January to November 17, 2019. Lockdown and school re-opening dates are brought forward by one year.
Average no. of authors by period, gender and tenure in 2019.Notes: Sample period goes from January to November 17, 2019. Lockdown and school re-opening dates are brought forward by one year.

Falsification test: Eq. (2) using 2019 data

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
F −0.6724 (0.5010) −0.7632+ (0.4274) −0.7632+ (0.4062) −0.7632+ (0.4153) −0.7632+ (0.3993) −0.7632+ (0.4550) −0.7632+ (0.4431)
F*L −0.3276 (0.7181) −0.1192 (0.5882) −0.0243 (0.5250) 0.0482 (0.5138) 0.0634 (0.4799) 0.1610 (0.5351) 0.1596 (0.5119)
SO −3.4788** (1.1811) −3.7739*** (0.6379) −3.5323*** (0.4870) −2.6631*** (0.4112) −2.2311*** (0.3511) −1.5840*** (0.3541) −1.2626*** (0.3126)
F*SO −0.5181 (1.5267) −0.4138 (0.8897) 0.2692 (0.7046) −0.1100 (0.6363) −0.0563 (0.5680) −0.3510 (0.6064) −0.2132 (0.5624)
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Obs. 242 373 463 564 660 764 876
R2 0.7580 0.7054 0.6969 0.6462 0.6381 0.5493 0.5333

Falsification test: anticipated lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure in 2019, only academics

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
Tenured:
F −13.3462*** (1.5895) −11.4478*** (1.2359) −11.4478*** (1.1532) −11.4478*** (1.1068) −11.4478*** (1.0537) −11.4478*** (1.0755) −11.4478*** (1.0316)
F*L 5.4890* (2.2821) 3.0052+ (1.6925) 3.5922* (1.4858) 3.5556** (1.3661) 4.0055** (1.2659) 4.1753** (1.2670) 4.2921*** (1.1939)
SO −8.0397* (3.4086) −9.2466*** (1.7245) −8.3408*** (1.2571) −6.7932*** (0.9994) −6.2408*** (0.8506) −5.1511*** (0.7772) −4.4447*** (0.6734)
F*S 7.4202 (5.4120) 7.2145** (2.7345) 7.4827*** (2.2065) 6.7210*** (1.8469) 7.6111*** (1.5883) 6.8548*** (1.5002) 6.9297*** (1.3560)
Obs. 215 332 410 498 579 666 766
R2 0.4805 0.4834 0.4904 0.4781 0.4790 0.4467 0.4438
Untenured:
F −2.6585*** (0.6077) −2.4038*** (0.4866) −2.4038*** (0.4610) −2.4038*** (0.4497) −2.4038*** (0.4309) −2.4038*** (0.4463) −2.4038*** (0.4364)
F*L 0.7547 (0.8638) 0.3228 (0.6624) 0.2991 (0.5984) 0.3932 (0.5565) 0.4376 (0.5179) 0.5843 (0.5233) 0.6641 (0.5030)
SO −3.2011+ (1.6959) −2.8491*** (0.7488) −2.6068*** (0.5642) −2.3743*** (0.4503) −2.1180*** (0.3787) −1.5810*** (0.3493) −1.1985*** (0.3048)
F*SO 0.1670 (2.5361) 1.3259 (1.2324) 1.5932+ (0.9251) 1.5634* (0.7494) 1.7143* (0.6631) 1.5920* (0.6339) 1.3287* (0.5758)
Obs. 170 259 311 384 451 528 611
R2 0.6417 0.6188 0.6140 0.5860 0.5776 0.5244 0.5061
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Falsification tests

No. papers No. authors
All economist Only academics
Tenured Untenured Tenured Untenured
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
F −0.9444 (0.6609) −12.2059*** (1.5067) −3.5926*** (0.6926) −11.0645*** (1.2912) −3.0000*** (0.6832)
F*PL 0.0873 (0.9006) −1.1751 (2.0268) 0.2176 (0.8964) −0.0934 (1.7399) 0.3056 (0.8819)
Placebo days FE yes yes yes yes yes.
Obs. 156 152 134 138 120
R2 0.3912 0.5968 0.4648 0.5886 0.3891

Quantity vs. Quality

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
No. of abstract views
F −20.3565* (10.3412) −16.8934* (8.2433) −16.8934 (11.7902) −16.8934 (11.8163) −16.8934 (34.0277) −16.8934 (32.4696) −16.8934 (31.2512)
F*L 18.9826 (13.8169) 13.4288 (10.8113) 13.7892 (14.8635) 11.8353 (14.3658) −3.4149 (40.6140) −4.8512 (38.2606) −4.8601 (36.5031)
SO 13.3143 (30.1371) 7.4306 (15.1074) −20.0042 (17.1660) −17.3695 (13.9815) −54.2111 (35.6794) −42.0975 (30.1949) −37.8504 (26.6631)
F*SO 10.2765 (43.0945) 11.0193 (21.9449) 28.6878 (25.8868) 13.4856 (21.6636) −1.7638 (56.5204) −8.5203 (49.1835) −1.3294 (44.4585)
Obs. 1735 2487 2883 3415 3806 4216 4580
R2 0.0397 0.0651 0.0503 0.0410 0.0183 0.0182 0.0180
No. of downloads
F −17.7607** (6.0210) −14.3489** (4.4886) −14.3489*** (4.3221) −14.3489*** (4.0954) −14.3489* (5.7775) −14.3489** (5.5434) −14.3489** (5.3329)
F*L 9.0604 (8.0467) 7.7095 (5.8879) 9.6104+ (5.4482) 10.0929* (4.9795) 9.4804 (6.8962) 9.2851 (6.5327) 9.3089 (6.2296)
SO −8.2468 (17.5984) −4.1042 (8.2437) −4.2123 (6.3024) −3.9210 (4.8551) −9.1922 (6.0669) −7.7112 (5.1636) −6.8707 (4.5557)
F*SO 19.8543 (25.1618) 12.7012 (11.9759) 13.6724 (9.4922) 11.8854 (7.5150) 10.2290 (9.5999) 9.3387 (8.3939) 10.4645 (7.5866)
Obs. 1,744 2,499 2,899 3,431 3,824 4,236 4,601
R2 0.0275 0.0391 0.0392 0.0406 0.0247 0.0249 0.0257
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Poisson model based on Eq. (2)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
F −0.1350+ (0.0736) −0.1431* (0.0641) −0.1431* (0.0641) −0.1431* (0.0641) −0.1431* (0.0641) −0.1431* (0.0641) −0.1431* (0.0641)
F*L −0.1765+ (0.0991) −0.1472+ (0.0846) −0.1431+ (0.0813) −0.1226 (0.0783) −0.1096 (0.0768) −0.0788 (0.0758) −0.0860 (0.0752)
SO −1.5999*** (0.2173) −1.2932*** (0.1189) −1.1619*** (0.0937) −1.0714*** (0.0761) −0.9366*** (0.0670) −0.8039*** (0.0592) 0.6778*** (0.0536)
F*SO −0.3168 (0.3164) −0.1035 (0.1767) −0.1452 (0.1449) −0.0363 (0.1204) 0.0041 (0.1086) 0.0586 (0.0986) 0.0377 (0.0925)
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Obs. 258 412 503 609 711 817 923

Pre-treatment period variation and extension

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 ±120 ±150 ±180 ±210 ±240
F*L −1.4231+ (0.8386) [−26%] −1.2313+ (0.6455) [−22.6%] −1.0972* (0.5474) [−18.6%] −1.0362* (0.4954) −0.4998 (0.4797) −0.3025 (0.4394) −0.2001 (0.4092)
F*SO −0.4641 (1.5756) 0.1008 (0.8833) 0.1589 (0.7065) 0.2803 (0.6083) 0.6307 (0.5770) 0.7024 (0.5108) 0.7405 (0.4640)
BW: −240, +60 −240, +90 −240, +120 −240, +150 −240, +180 −240, +210 ±240
F*L −1.2922+ (0.6617) [−23%] −1.0114+ (0.5546) [−18%] −0.8779+ (0.5000) [−15.6%] −0.7129 (0.4703) −0.4976 (0.4393) −0.2194 (0.4230) −0.2001 (0.4092)
F*SO −0.3332 (1.4935) 0.3207 (0.8396) 0.3781 (0.6879) 0.6036 (0.5995) 0.6330 (0.5402) 0.7855 (0.4962) 0.7405 (0.4640)
BW: −210, +60 −210, +90 −210, +120 −210, +150 −210, +180 ±210 −210, +240
F*L −1.3754* (0.6807) [−24%] −1.0945+ (0.5711) [−19.3%] −0.9611+ (0.5157) [−17%] −0.7960 (0.4867) −0.5807 (0.4554) −0.3025 (0.4394) −0.2832 (0.4257)
F*SO −0.4164 (1.5177) 0.2375 (0.8546) 0.2950 (0.7015) 0.5204 (0.6139) 0.5499 (0.5542) 0.7024 (0.5108) 0.6573 (0.4790)
BW: −180, +60 −180, +90 −180, +120 −180, +150 ±180 −180, +210 −180, +240
F*L −1.2945+ (0.7174) [−22%] −1.0136+ (0.6004) [−17%] −0.8802 (0.5421) −0.7151 (0.5122) −0.4998 (0.4797) −0.2216 (0.4631) −0.2023 (0.4490)
F*S −0.3355 (1.5763) 0.3184 (0.8865) 0.3759 (0.7278) 0.6013 (0.6383) 0.6307 (0.5770) 0.7832 (0.5331) 0.7382 (0.5010)
BW: −150, +60 −150, +90 −150, +120 ±150 −150, +180 −150, +210 −150, +240
F*L −1.6155* (0.6412) [−27%] −1.3347* (0.5552) [−22.9%] −1.2012* (0.5111) [−20%] −1.0362* (0.4954) [−20%] −0.8209+ (0.4697) [−17.8%] −0.5427 (0.4590) −0.5234 (0.4491)
F*SO −0.6565 (1.3819) −0.0026 (0.8057) 0.0548 (0.6750) 0.2803 (0.6083) 0.3097 (0.5571) 0.4622 (0.5222) 0.4172 (0.4961)
BW: −120, +60 −120, +90 ±120 −120, +150 −120, +180 −120, +210 −120, +240
F*L −1.5115* (0.6819) [−25.5%] −1.2306* (0.5924) [−20.8%] −1.0972* (0.5474) [−18.6%] −0.9321+ (0.5337) [−16.8%] −0.7168 (0.5076) −0.4386 (0.4974) −0.4193 (0.4878)
F*SO −0.5525 (1.4275) 0.1014 (0.8388) 0.1589 (0.7065) 0.3843 (0.6422) 0.4137 (0.5909) 0.5662 (0.5573) 0.5212 (0.5321)

Impact of lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
Tenured:
F −13.4643*** (1.3518) −12.8553*** (1.1284) −12.8553*** (1.1403) −12.8553*** (1.1652) −12.8553*** (1.1403) −12.8553*** (1.1460) −12.8553*** (1.1547)
F*L −5.1392** (1.8951) −4.7010** (1.5492) −3.8589** (1.4769) −3.3123* (1.4433) −2.3072+ (1.3730) −1.4809 (1.3521) −0.6299 (1.3407)
SO −26.9446*** (2.4337) −18.9611*** (1.4470) −17.8135*** (1.2051) −15.9379*** (1.0429) −13.6780*** (0.9102) −11.5667*** (0.8215) −9.7381*** (0.7610)
F*SO 8.2262* (3.9539) 9.9220*** (2.2514) 9.6618*** (1.9527) 9.3303*** (1.7700) 8.8231*** (1.6132) 8.2283*** (1.5238) 7.8812*** (1.4719)
Obs. 248 387 472 574 668 770 869
R2 0.6238 0.6049 0.5875 0.5672 0.5504 0.5152 0.4814
Untenured:
F −3.5385*** (0.7257) −3.4627*** (0.6048) −3.4627*** (0.5853) −3.4627*** (0.5764) −3.4627*** (0.5633) −3.4627*** (0.5636) −3.4627*** (0.5593)
F*L −3.1282** (1.0035) −2.5331** (0.8110) −2.3980** (0.7480) −2.0367** (0.7066) −1.5308* (0.6722) −1.1854+ (0.6607) −0.8951 (0.6463)
SO −11.2053*** (1.4573) −7.7262*** (0.8010) −6.9591*** (0.6236) −6.4456*** (0.5090) −5.4061*** (0.4447) −4.6897*** (0.4030) −3.9675*** (0.3660)
F*SO 3.4633+ (1.8344) 2.5661* (1.1204) 2.2724* (0.9419) 2.2065** (0.8385) 2.0342** (0.7677) 2.1325** (0.7320) 2.1043** (0.6976)
Obs. 239 363 440 537 627 714 808
R2 0.4302 0.4307 0.4529 0.4610 0.4353 0.3933 0.3674
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Impact of lockdown and school re-openings on gender production

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
F −0.8929 (0.6017) −0.8974+ (0.4790) −0.8974+ (0.4712) −0.8974+ (0.4849) −0.8974+ (0.4785) −0.8974+ (0.4811) −0.8974+ (0.4812)
F*L −1.5478+ (0.8400) −1.2624+ (0.6573) −1.1290+ (0.6119) −0.9639 (0.6029) −0.7486 (0.5767) −0.4704 (0.5680) −0.4511 (0.5591)
SO −9.2372*** (1.2475) −6.4873*** (0.6534) −5.8632*** (0.5297) −5.4167*** (0.4557) −4.4943*** (0.3956) −3.7537*** (0.3554) −3.1366*** (0.3266)
F*SO −0.5888 (1.5732) 0.0696 (0.8914) 0.1271 (0.7603) 0.3525 (0.7026) 0.3820 (0.6524) 0.5345 (0.6218) 0.4894 (0.5986)
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Obs. 252 402 489 595 697 803 909
R2 0.4432 0.4769 0.4790 0.4601 0.4367 0.3942 0.3669

WP written by only female vs. only male economists

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
F −5.1667*** (0.9272) −4.7674*** (0.6873) −4.7674*** (0.6651) −4.7674*** (0.6849) −4.7674*** (0.6827) −4.7674*** (0.6728) −4.7674*** (0.6810)
F*L −3.3477* (1.2742) −3.0027** (0.9184) −2.6595** (0.8526) −2.4394** (0.8436) −1.8565* (0.8165) −1.3938+ (0.7924) −1.0132 (0.7953)
SO −8.5540*** (1.4818) −6.3696*** (0.7204) −5.8399*** (0.5749) −5.4741*** (0.4934) −4.6033*** (0.4316) −3.8148*** (0.3793) −3.2368*** (0.3529)
F*SO 1.1893 (2.6189) 3.0321* (1.2929) 3.0088** (1.1380) 2.5761* (1.1045) 2.4934* (1.0422) 2.6909** (0.9439) 2.6319** (0.9061)
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Obs. 144 254 307 376 445 519 585
R2 0.4915 0.5008 0.5022 0.4733 0.4307 0.3865 0.3392

Economics working papers summary statistics

Mean SD min. Max. Obs.
All observations:
Tot. authors 2.596 1.195 1 16 4,235
No. of downloads 38.209 129.07 0 4,659 4,235
No. of views 334.953 467.683 61 14,047 4,203
No. of pages 47.513 21.338 1 316 4,201
Female author 0.448 0.497 0 1 4,235
Tot. no. of female 0.629 0.851 0 8 4,235
Intensity female 0.231 0.306 0 1 4,235
At least one female author:
Tot. authors 3.011 1.294 1 16 1,896
No. of downloads 35.776 135.188 0 4,659 1,896
No. of views 319.142 451.648 61 14,047 1,882
No. of pages 48.087 21.163 1 316 1,881
Tot. no. of female 1.406 0.726 1 8 1,896
Intensity female 0.517 0.247 0.125 1 1,896
Only male authors:
Tot. authors 2.26 0.988 1 7 2,339
No. of downloads 40.18 123.883 0 3,126 2,339
No. of views 347.773 480.007 65 9,376 2,321
No. of pages 47.048 21.473 4 212 2,320

Falsification test: anticipated lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure in 2019

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
Tenured:
F −14.0175*** (1.6681) −12.3699*** (1.2907) −12.3699*** (1.2006) −12.3699*** (1.1578) −12.3699*** (1.1010) −12.3699*** (1.1373) −12.3699*** (1.0874)
F*L 4.1119+ (2.4032) 2.0973 (1.7768) 2.6486+ (1.5532) 2.7334+ (1.4341) 3.3494* (1.3244) 3.5571** (1.3396) 3.7506** (1.2586)
SO −10.5639** (3.7370) −11.2136*** (1.8481) −10.3680*** (1.3497) −8.6527*** (1.0746) −7.8347*** (0.9096) −6.6142*** (0.8435) −5.7173*** (0.7306)
F*SO 7.5916 (5.9238) 7.3415* (2.8655) 8.6500*** (2.2115) 7.5771*** (1.8513) 8.4715*** (1.5946) 7.4962*** (1.5348) 7.4816*** (1.3940)
Obs. 233 356 441 537 631 729 835
R2 0.5145 0.5327 0.5433 0.5302 0.5285 0.4933 0.4934
Untenured:
F −3.2041*** (0.5746) −2.8387*** (0.4799) −2.8387*** (0.4584) −2.8387*** (0.4527) −2.8387*** (0.4334) −2.8387*** (0.4853) −2.8387*** (0.4883)
F*L 0.7651 (0.8203) 0.2207 (0.6580) 0.1989 (0.5954) 0.3062 (0.5614) 0.3771 (0.5222) 0.5150 (0.5709) 0.6741 (0.5638)
SO −3.0459+ (1.7360) −3.9664*** (0.7555) −3.2316*** (0.5771) −2.9651*** (0.4727) −2.6681*** (0.3832) −2.0800*** (0.3769) −1.4164*** (0.3402)
F*SO 1.5144 (2.2084) 1.6968 (1.1248) 1.7082* (0.8629) 1.7798* (0.7343) 1.9606** (0.6422) 1.8305** (0.6714) 1.4707* (0.6354)
Obs. 202 303 368 450 530 619 715
R2 0.7091 0.6685 0.6565 0.6260 0.6195 0.5241 0.4851
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Impact of lockdown on gender production

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
BW: ±30 ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
F −0.4643 (0.8674) −0.8929 (0.5711) −0.8974+ (0.4582) −0.8974* (0.4501) −0.8974+ (0.4715) −0.8974+ (0.4596) −0.8974+ (0.4570) −0.8974* (0.4466)
F*L −1.8690 (1.2060) −1.5478+ (0.7973) −1.3071* (0.6293) −1.1291+ (0.5851) −0.9476 (0.5868) −0.7634 (0.5546) −0.5282 (0.5407) −0.4971 (0.5204)
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
Avg. Dep. Var. before 5.7931 6.1754 5.7750 5.7750 5.7750 5.7750 5.7750 5.7750
Obs. 116 230 332 382 440 498 546 592
R2 0.2349 0.4719 0.4970 0.5082 0.4766 0.4862 0.4835 0.5034

Impact of lockdown and school re-openings on gender production by tenure, only academics

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
BW: ±60 ±90 −90,+120 −90,+150 −90,+180 −90,+210 −90,+240
Tenured:
F −11.0577*** (1.2349) −11.1159*** (1.0417) −11.1159*** (1.0418) −11.1159*** (1.0420) −11.1159*** (1.0327) −11.1159*** (1.0360) −11.1159*** (1.0336)
F*L −4.8370** (1.7077) −3.9748** (1.4059) −3.2610* (1.3348) −2.7236* (1.2768) −1.8506 (1.2313) −1.1733 (1.2129) −0.5515 (1.1933)
SO −21.9452*** (2.2113) −15.5738*** (1.3029) −14.8460*** (1.0740) −13.1898*** (0.9032) −11.2039*** (0.7956) −9.5284*** (0.7150) −8.2193*** (0.6579)
F*SO 7.4712* (3.5829) 8.4323*** (2.1524) 8.5301*** (1.8386) 8.0742*** (1.5936) 7.6896*** (1.4634) 7.1690*** (1.3842) 6.7433*** (1.3259)
Obs. 237 364 441 543 635 730 819
R2 0.5939 0.5735 0.5639 0.5507 0.5223 0.4864 0.4608
F −2.7872*** (0.6356) −2.8167*** (0.5170) −2.8167*** (0.5046) −2.8167*** (0.4965) −2.8167*** (0.4783) −2.8167*** (0.4775) −2.8167*** (0.4721)
F*L −2.3914** (0.8722) −1.8232** (0.6837) −1.6260* (0.6384) −1.2837* (0.6027) −0.9420+ (0.5660) −0.6592 (0.5561) −0.4086 (0.5436)
SO −8.3581*** (1.2751) −5.8054*** (0.6990) −4.8132*** (0.5488) −4.5461*** (0.4382) −3.8981*** (0.3766) −3.3293*** (0.3404) −2.8135*** (0.3073)
F*SO 3.0761+ (1.7055) 2.3025* (0.9790) 1.8481* (0.8353) 1.7402* (0.7392) 1.6482* (0.6640) 1.7420** (0.6301) 1.7088** (0.5966)
Obs. 219 334 401 493 575 652 734
R2 0.3786 0.4108 0.4084 0.4112 0.4006 0.3590 0.3388
Days FE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
eISSN:
2193-8997
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics
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