−0.217 (0.469) | −0.233 (0.436) | −0.156 (0.417) | 0.438 (1.721) | −0.498 (1.599) | −0.582 (1.556) | |
|
- | - | - | −0.039 (0.187) | 0.059 (0.175) | 0.061 (0.170) |
|
- | - | - | 0.055 |
0.049 |
0.023 |
- | - | 0.028 |
- | - | 0.028 |
|
+characteristic control | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
|
- | - | - | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
|
- | - | - | 0.960 | 0.943 | 0.933 |
|
102,475 |
0.134 (0.304) | −0.346 (0.464) | −0.119 (0.280) | −0.133 (0.332) | |
−0.004 (0.016) | −0.001 (0.029) | 0.039 |
0.030 (0.019) | |
|
0.038 (0.065) | 0.006 (0.113) | 0.013 (0.069) | 0.115 (0.077) |
|
0.034 (0.046) | 0.068 (0.057) | 0.036 (0.051) | 0.029 (0.065) |
|
0.001 (0.004) | −0.001 (0.007) | 0.009 |
0.007 (0.005) |
|
0.001 |
−0.001 (0.000) | 0.001 |
0.000 (0.000) |
|
−0.005 (0.005) | −0.007 (0.009) | −0.009 (0.006) | −0.011 (0.007) |
0.005 |
0.004 |
0.005 |
0.005 |
|
|
0.67 | 0.62 | 1.41 | 2.09 |
|
0.647 | 0.686 | 0.219 | 0.063 |
|
83,164 | 42,838 | 65,149 | 40,642 |
−0.018 (0.249) | −0.028 (0.249) | 0.024 (0.251) | |
0.001 (0.018) | −0.000 (0.018) | −0.001 (0.018) | |
|
0.025 (0.056) | 0.031 (0.056) | 0.027 (0.056) |
|
0.042 (0.037) | 0.042 (0.037) | 0.043 (0.038) |
|
0.002 (0.004) | 0.001 (0.004) | 0.001 (0.004) |
- | 0.045 (0.043) | - | |
- | −0.021 |
- | |
- | - | −0.006 (0.007) | |
- | - | 0.003 |
|
|
0.68 | 0.65 | 0.57 |
|
0.635 | 0.664 | 0.721 |
|
127,769 |
|
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cutler et al. (2007) | 0.250 (0.512) | 2.963 |
2.965 |
−0.331 |
−14.021 |
1.637 |
22,564 | 22,564 | 22,564 | 22,564 | |||
2000, 60 groups (age 20–30) | −0.280 |
1.557 (0.971) | −2.034 (5.157) | 0.229 (0.356) | −3.977 (3.118) | 0.361 (0.221) |
97,861 | ||||||
2010, 74 groups (age 20–30) | 0.256 |
1.048 (0.703) | −0.425 (0.547) | 0.062 (0.049) | 5.618 (8.350) | −0.319 (0.596) |
98,672 | ||||||
2000, 60 groups (age 20–30, arrived after age 17) | −0.361 |
−0.308 (1.667) | 1.300 |
−0.162 |
132.097 (4536.585) | −8.553 (293.454) |
53,690 | ||||||
2010, 74 groups (age 20–30, arrived after age 17) | 0.304 (0.203) | −0.277 (0.988) | 0.051 (0.767) | 0.023 (0.070) | 36.310 (105.392) | −2.641 (7.558) |
51,994 |
0.415 (0.847) | 0.327 (0.837) | 0.656 (0.863) | 0.558 (0.852) | 1.401 (0.904) | 1.324 (0.893) | |
−0.160 |
−0.216 |
−0.174 |
−0.235 |
−0.178 |
−0.227 |
|
|
0.117 (0.169) | 0.098 (0.168) | 0.147 (0.171) | 0.127 (0.170) | 0.359 |
0.344 |
|
−0.036 |
- | −0.039 |
- | −0.041 |
- |
|
- | 0.505 |
- | 0.546 |
- | 0.511 |
|
- | −0.048 |
- | −0.052 |
- | −0.051 |
|
1.10 | 3.09 | 1.24 | 3.39 | 2.32 | 4.03 |
|
0.354 | 0.009 | 0.293 | 0.005 | 0.055 | 0.001 |
|
102,475 | 99,939 | 93,251 |
0.327 (0.837) | 0.320 (0.843) | 0.673 (0.809) | |
−0.216 |
−0.247 |
−0.244 |
|
|
0.098 (0.168) | 0.132 (0.171) | 0.115 (0.164) |
|
0.505 |
0.516 |
0.544 |
|
−0.048 |
−0.056 |
−0.057 |
−0.183 |
- | ||
- | 0.046 (0.131) | - | |
- | 0.037 |
||
- | - | −0.041 |
|
|
3.09 | 3.69 | 3.85 |
|
0.009 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
|
102,475 |
Education | −0.007 (0.007) | 0.042 (0.060) |
Age | −0.006 (0.006) | 0.014 (0.021) |
Male | 0.053 (0.042) | 0.144 (0.127) |
Black | −0.285 (0.313) | −0.000 (0.870) |
Other Nonwhite | 0.088 (0.215) | −0.026 (0.395) |
Age × Education | - | −0.002 (0.002) |
Male × Education | - | −0.008 (0.011) |
Black × Education | - | −0.022 (0.060) |
Other Nonwhite × Education | - | 0.009 (0.027) |
|
1.05 | 0.45 |
|
0.385 | 0.771 |
|
102,475 |
Education | −0.607 |
−0.171 (0.449) | −0.007 (0.007) | 0.042 (0.060) |
Age | 0.006 (0.061) | 0.402 |
−0.006 (0.006) | 0.014 (0.021) |
Male | −0.637 |
−3.671 |
0.053 (0.042) | 0.144 (0.127) |
Black | 1.682 (1.793) | 1.804 (5.049) | −0.285 (0.313) | −0.000 (0.870) |
Other Nonwhite | 0.506 (1.047) | −4.596 (3.064) | 0.088 (0.215) | −0.026 (0.395) |
Age × Education | - | −0.038 |
- | −0.002 (0.002) |
Male × Education | - | 0.262 |
- | −0.008 (0.011) |
Black × Education | −0.028 (0.342) | - | −0.022 (0.060) | |
Other Nonwhite × Education | - | 0.392 |
- | 0.009 (0.027) |
|
7.76 | 6.26 | 1.05 | 0.45 |
|
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.385 | 0.771 |
|
104,555 | 102,475 |
Education | −0.663 |
−0.466 |
0.002 (0.005) | 0.007 (0.005) |
Age | −0.037 (0.056) | 0.072 (0.046) | 0.020 |
0.021 |
Male | −0.518 (0.343) | −0.315 (0.357) | −0.103 |
−0.157 |
Black | 1.573 (2.385) | −1.077 (2.571) | −0.113 (0.270) | −0.209 (0.355) |
Other Nonwhite | −1.177 (1.325) | 1.382 (1.497) | −0.370 |
−0.530 |
|
6.48 | 4.07 | 6.71 | 10.53 |
|
0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
|
53,690 | 51,994 | 53,690 | 51,994 |
−0.106 (0.151) | −0.109 (0.152) | −0.092 (0.153) | 0.014 (0.514) | −0.061 (0.512) | −0.068 (0.512) | |
|
- | - | - | −0.014 (0.050) | −0.006 (0.050) | −0.005 (0.050) |
|
- | - | - | −0.001 (0.005) | −0.001 (0.005) | −0.004 (0.005) |
- | - | 0.003 |
- | - | 0.003 |
|
+characteristic control | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
+individual education control | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
|
- | - | - | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
|
- | - | - | 0.690 | 0.736 | 0.736 |
|
127,769 |
−0.136 (0.414) | 0.375 (0.846) | 0.415 (0.847) | 0.327 (0.837) | |
−0.174 |
−0.029 (0.023) | −0.160 |
−0.216 |
|
|
- | 0.109 (0.169) | 0.117 (0.169) | 0.098 (0.168) |
|
- | - | −0.036 |
- |
|
- | - | - | 0.505 |
|
- | - | - | −0.048 |
|
- | 0.010 |
0.011 |
0.011 |
|
- | 0.007 (0.012) | 0.006 (0.012) | 0.007 (0.012) |
0.040 |
0.063 |
0.066 |
0.065 |
|
|
33.97 | 0.69 | 1.10 | 3.09 |
|
0.000 | 0.559 | 0.354 | 0.009 |
|
102,475 |
−0.106 (0.151) | −0.109 (0.152) | −0.093 (0.151) | 0.300 (0.321) | 0.293 (0.320) | 0.279 (0.319) | |
- | - | - | −1.550 |
−1.540 |
−1.521 |
|
- | - | - | 1.136 (1.578) | 0.798 (1.621) | 0.856 (1.607) | |
- | - | - | −0.136 (0.606) | 0.030 (0.607) | 0.064 (0.604) | |
- | - | - | 0.108 |
0.110 |
0.096 |
|
- | - | - | 0.124 |
0.135 |
0.103 |
|
- | - | - | 0.036 (0.046) | 0.035 (0.046) | −0.002 (0.047) | |
- | - | 0.014 |
- | - | 0.014 |
|
- | - | 0.033 |
- | - | 0.033 |
|
- | - | 0.039 |
- | - | 0.039 |
|
+characteristic control | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
|
- | - | - | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.03 |
|
- | - | - | 0.402 | 0.400 | 0.388 |
|
127,769 |
−0.039 (0.153) | 0.218 (0.324) | 0.379 (0.337) | |
−0.082 |
−0.050 (0.051) | −0.366 |
|
−0.083 (0.073) | −0.032 (0.079) | −0.374 (0.367) | |
−0.190 |
−0.153 |
−0.549 |
|
- | −1.309 (0.950) | −1.949 |
|
- | 0.928 (1.680) | 1.610 (1.985) | |
- | 0.248 (0.602) | −0.256 (1.018) | |
- | - | 1.328 |
|
- | - | 0.762 (1.146) | |
- | - | 0.850 (0.947) | |
- | - | −1.097 (1.066) | |
- | - | 0.534 (1.742) | |
- | - | −0.437 (1.572) | |
- | - | 0.132 (0.695) | |
- | - | 0.104 (1.119) | |
- | - | 0.104 (1.119) | |
- | −0.010 (0.039) | −0.060 (0.050) | |
- | −0.014 (0.050) | −0.067 (0.059) | |
- | 0.020 (0.048) | −0.040 (0.058) | |
- | 0.018 (0.051) | 0.049 (0.062) | |
- | 0.035 (0.056) | 0.028 (0.067) | |
- | 0.044 (0.053) | 0.043 (0.063) | |
- | 0.046 |
0.036 (0.031) | |
- | 0.045 (0.032) | 0.027 (0.034) | |
- | 0.052 |
0.017 (0.034) | |
- | 0.073 (0.052) | 0.106 |
|
- | 0.085 (0.066) | 0.068 (0.072) | |
- | −0.050 (0.051) | −0.040 (0.052) | |
0.021 |
0.016 (0.015) | 0.029 (0.019) | |
0.040 |
0.032 (0.021) | 0.054 |
|
0.049 |
0.028 (0.021) | 0.058 |
|
|
3.09 | 1.36 | 1.44 |
|
0.015 | 0.219 | 0.115 |
|
127,769 |
−0.945 (1.146) | 1.962 (1.618) | −0.572 (1.001) | 0.294 (1.262) | |
−0.281 |
−0.108 (0.082) | −0.179 (0.115) | −0.158 (0.129) | |
|
−0.124 (0.221) | 0.449 (0.329) | −0.187 (0.212) | 0.115 (0.281) |
|
0.554 |
0.439 |
0.513 |
0.368 |
|
−0.060 |
−0.035 |
−0.038 (0.025) | −0.033 (0.029) |
|
0.010 |
0.012 |
0.010 |
0.009 |
|
−0.011 (0.015) | 0.014 (0.025) | −0.001 (0.019) | −0.010 (0.025) |
0.060 |
0.071 |
0.065 |
0.063 |
|
|
3.68 | 1.88 | 1.73 | 0.73 |
|
0.003 | 0.095 | 0.123 | 0.600 |
|
69,166 | 31,718 | 51,828 | 32,188 |
Education | −0.011 (0.007) | 0.017 (0.061) |
Age | −0.002 (0.008) | 0.008 (0.023) |
Male | 0.051 (0.042) | 0.142 (0.129) |
Black | −0.278 (0.313) | −0.051 (0.867) |
Other Nonwhite | 0.097 (0.215) | 0.023 (0.409) |
English Insufficiency | −0.132 |
−0.255 |
Years in the U.S. | −0.012 (0.008) | 0.007 (0.019) |
Age × Education | - | −0.001 (0.002) |
Male × Education | - | −0.008 (0.011) |
Black × Education | - | −0.017 (0.060) |
Other Nonwhite × Education | - | 0.006 (0.028) |
English Insufficiency × Education | - | 0.012 (0.014) |
Years in the U.S. × Education | - | −0.002 (0.002) |
|
1.73 | 0.064 |
|
0.097 | 0.695 |
|
102,475 |
Log earnings | 104,577 | 9.656 | 0.738 | - | - | - |
Employment | - | - | - | 129,966 | 0.919 | 0.273 |
Isolation index | 8,149 | 0.014 | 0.021 | 8,874 | 0.014 | 0.020 |
Group average education | 8,149 | 13.136 | 2.241 | 8,874 | 13.153 | 2.241 |
Immigrant share | 8,149 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 8,874 | 0.004 | 0.014 |
Education | 104,577 | 11.023 | 4.170 | 129,966 | 10.922 | 4.218 |
Age | 104,577 | 26.395 | 2.829 | 129,966 | 26.330 | 2.874 |
Male | 104,577 | 0.680 | 0.467 | 129,966 | 0.655 | 0.475 |
Married | 104,577 | 0.383 | 0.486 | 129,966 | 0.385 | 0.486 |
Have children | 104,577 | 0.301 | 0.459 | 129,966 | 0.305 | 0.461 |
White | 104,577 | 0.121 | 0.326 | 129,966 | 0.121 | 0.326 |
Black | 104,577 | 0.025 | 0.157 | 129,966 | 0.026 | 0.159 |
Asian | 104,577 | 0.182 | 0.386 | 129,966 | 0.176 | 0.381 |
Hispanic | 104,577 | 0.672 | 0.469 | 129,966 | 0.677 | 0.468 |
−0.089 (0.153) | −0.009 (0.249) | −0.012 (0.249) | −0.018 (0.249) | |
−0.013 |
−0.005 (0.006) | 0.005 (0.017) | 0.001 (0.018) | |
|
- | 0.027 (0.056) | 0.026 (0.056) | 0.025 (0.056) |
|
- | - | 0.003 (0.004) | - |
|
- | - | - | 0.042 (0.037) |
|
- | - | - | 0.002 (0.004) |
|
- | 0.001 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
- | −0.005 (0.004) | −0.005 (0.004) | −0.005 (0.004) |
0.004 |
0.005 |
0.005 |
0.005 |
|
|
2.97 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.68 |
|
0.052 | 0.687 | 0.686 | 0.635 |
|
127,769 |