Open Access

School district investments in general skills: The case of principal residency programs

Minh Nguyen
Minh Nguyen
, 
Steven G. Rivkin
Steven G. Rivkin
, 
Lauren Sartain
Lauren Sartain
 and 
Jeffrey C. Schiman
Jeffrey C. Schiman
   | Nov 02, 2023
IZA Journal of Labor Economics's Cover Image
About this article
Previous Article
Next Article
Cite
Published Online: Nov 02, 2023
Page range: -
Received: Feb 06, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajole-2023-0001
Keywords
© 2023 Minh Nguyen et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Position Distribution of the 2013 and 2014 Residency Program Graduates, by Number of Years Following Completion of the Residency Program.
Position Distribution of the 2013 and 2014 Residency Program Graduates, by Number of Years Following Completion of the Residency Program.

Descriptive Statistics for the Principal Sample

Residents Non-residents Difference (Residents minus non-Residents)
Student Variables
  Math z-score −0.076 [0.062] −0.010 [0.046] −0.065
  Reading z-score −0.075 [0.057] −0.022 [0.038] −0.053
  Black 0.487 [0.050] 0.370 [0.040] 0.117*
  Hispanic 0.367 [0.048] 0.452 [0.038] −0.085
  Other race 0.042 [0.010] 0.069 [0.017] −0.027
  Female 0.489 [0.004] 0.497 [0.003] −0.007
  Special Education 0.150 [0.005] 0.145 [0.004] 0.005
  Grade Average Enrollment 61.599 [4.269] 70.345 [3.695] −8.746
Principal variables
  Asian 0.000 [0.000] 0.014 [0.014] −0.014
  Black 0.015 [0.015] 0.010 [0.010] 0.005
  Hispanic 0.425 [0.062] 0.350 [0.044] 0.075
  Multiple race 0.143 [0.044] 0.167 [0.041] −0.024
  Female 0.754 [0.052] 0.587 [0.050] 0.167**
  Birth Year 1977.436 [0.717] 1971.143 [0.579] 6.293***
  Proportion with the job title: acting 0.034 [0.020] 0.049 [0.021] −0.015
  Proportion with the job title: interim 0.524 [0.064] 0.671 [0.047] −0.147*
  Proportion with the job title: contract 0.441 [0.064] 0.280 [0.044] 0.161**
  Number of observations 23,356 41,465

TWFE event-study estimates

Levels Gains
Math Reading Math Reading
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) 0.0087 (0.0431) 0.0034 (0.0274) 0.0477* (0.0270) 0.0285 (0.0175)
Resident*(t=−4) 0.0258 (0.0404) 0.0286 (0.0246) 0.0576** (0.0284) 0.0459** (0.0206)
Resident*(t=−3) 0.0154 (0.0213) 0.0244 (0.0217) 0.0322 (0.0266) 0.0230 (0.0171)
Resident*(t=−2) 0.0212 (0.0267) 0.0236 (0.0169) 0.0298 (0.0199) 0.0270 (0.0183)
Post-period Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) 0.0541** (0.0267) 0.0501** (0.0201) 0.0779*** (0.0215) 0.0528*** (0.0172)
Resident*(t=2) 0.0782* (0.0411) 0.0584** (0.0241) 0.0759*** (0.0255) 0.0357*** (0.0154)
Sample Size 440968 440968 352705 351864

Gardner (2022) two-stage event-study estimates (controlling for period before)

Levels Gains
Math Reading Math Reading
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) −0.0052 (0.0154) −0.0121 (0.0105) 0.0090 (0.0086) 0.0005 (0.0057)
Resident*(t=−4) 0.0098 (0.0135) 0.0094 (0.0087) 0.0179* (0.0105) 0.0159* (0.0073)
Resident*(t=−3) −0.0017 (0.0097) 0.0034 (0.0097) −0.0075 (0.0104) −0.0074 (0.0073)
Resident*(t=−2) 0.0045 (0.0147) 0.0043 (0.0097) −0.0095 (0.0101) −0.0014 (0.0078)
Post-period Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) 0.0435 (0.0321) 0.0333 (0.0252) 0.0433*** (0.0157) 0.0258** (0.0126)
Resident*(t=2) 0.0687 (0.0436) 0.0438 (0.0287) 0.0418** (0.0197) 0.0097 (0.0114)
Sample Size 440968 440968 352705 351864

Gardner (2022) two-stage event-study estimates

Levels Gains
Math Reading Math Reading
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) −0.0048 (0.0155) −0.0116 (0.0106) 0.0101 (0.0086) 0.0001 (0.0057)
Resident*(t=−4) 0.0108 (0.0142) 0.0109 (0.0090) 0.0210* (0.0108) 0.0183** (0.0085)
Resident*(t=−3) −0.00004 (0.0102) 0.0061 (0.0083) −0.0021 (0.0104) −0.0033 (0.0074)
Resident*(t=−2) 0.0070 (0.0131) 0.0084 (0.0091) −0.0013 (0.0099) 0.0048 (0.0083)
Post-period Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) 0.0451 (0.0305) 0.0374 (0.0240) 0.0516*** (0.0153) 0.0321*** (0.0122)
Resident*(t=2) 0.0714* (0.0427) 0.0481* (0.0277) 0.0503** (0.0195) 0.0165 (0.0111)
Sample Size 440968 440968 352705 351864

Gardner (2022) two-stage event-study estimates (principal remains there 3 years)

Levels Gains
Math Reading Math Reading
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) 0.0076 (0.0198) 0.0011 (0.0126) 0.0117 (0.0119) 0.0005 (0.0069)
Resident*(t=−4) 0.0074 (0.0157) 0.0019 (0.0098) 0.0116 (0.0106) 0.0049 (0.0067)
Resident*(t=−3) −0.0085 (0.0139) 0.0038 (0.0119) −0.0011 (0.0129) 0.0053 (0.0096)
Resident*(t=−2) 0.0071 (0.0183) 0.0031 (0.0129) −0.0031 (0.0139) 0.0025 (0.0127)
Post-period Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) 0.0466 (0.0520) 0.0616 (0.0413) 0.0519* (0.0269) 0.0541*** (0.0210)
Resident*(t=2) 0.1007 (0.0660) 0.0787* (0.0467) 0.0654** (0.0276) 0.0247 (0.0165)
Sample Size 229918 229918 183850 183468

TWFE event-study estimates (school has 3 post-period years)

Levels Gains
Math Reading Math Reading
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) −0.0047 (0.0434) 0.0043 (0.0303) 0.0297 (0.0268) 0.0190 (0.0202)
Resident*(t=−4) 0.0028 (0.0399) 0.0151 (0.0269) 0.0386 (0.0262) 0.0304 (0.0201)
Resident*(t=−3) 0.0019 (0.0318) 0.0129 (0.0245) 0.0282 (0.0249) 0.0176 (0.0200)
Resident*(t=−2) 0.0090 (0.0241) 0.0148 (0.0186) 0.0207 (0.0242) 0.0216 (0.0231)
Post-period Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) 0.0347 (0.0304) 0.0490** (0.0239) 0.0606** (0.0236) 0.0528** (0.0212)
Resident*(t=2) 0.0667* (0.0392) 0.0540** (0.0243) 0.0630** (0.0248) 0.0284* (0.0168)
Sample Size 385322 385322 308109 307332

Number of Residency-program Graduates by Cohort of Program Completion, and Number of First-year Elementary School Principals and Assistant Principals by Year and Residency-Program Participation Status

First-year principals First-year assistant principals
Residency program graduates Residency program participants Non-participants Residency program participants Non-participants
2013 63
2014 65 5 36 18 70
2015 63 18 25 19 68
2016 39 18 23 17 40
2017 35 15 27 12 25
2018 14 15 6 28
Total 265 70 126 72 231

Resident-Versus Non-Resident-Principal Transition Rates, by Destination and Period Examined

Transition in any year (2014–2017) Transition following the 1st year
Any destination
  Resident Principal 0.130* (0.068) 0.110 (0.070) 0.071 (0.083) −0.00017 (0.050) 0.0018 (0.052) −0.028 (0.060)
  Mean Turnover 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10
  Sample Size 184 184 184 184 184 184
Multinomial Logit Estimates (relative to no transition)
  Transition within CPS
  Resident Principal 2.65*** (0.77) 2.65*** (0.77) 3.30** (1.38) 2.15* (1.18) 2.40** (1.18) 2.20 (1.80)
  Transition out of CPS
  Resident Principal −0.10 (0.42) −0.16 (0.44) −0.55 (0.60) −1.33 (0.86) −1.36 (0.96) −2.39** (1.18)
  Sample Size 184 184 184 184 184 184
  Student Controls N Y Y N Y Y
  Principal Controls N N Y N N Y

TWFE control coefficients

Mathematics Reading
Levels Gains Levels Gains
Student Black −0.5523*** −0.1834*** −0.3968*** −0.1482***
0.0346 0.0112 0.0368 0.0111
Student Hispanic 0.3420*** −0.1112*** −0.327*** −0.1047***
0.0261 0.0083 0.0297 0.0094
Student Other Race 0.0989* 0.0532** −0.0816*** −0.0061
0.0569 0.0210 0.0279 0.0113
Student Female −0.0434*** −0.0061*** 0.1095*** 0.0312***
0.0051 0.0019 0.0046 0.0019
Student Special Education −0.0975 −0.2951*** −1.2028*** −0.3671***
0.0175 0.0088 0.0145 0.0076
Sample Size 440968 352705 440968 351864

TWFE event-study estimates (principal remains there 3 years)

Levels Gains
Math Reading Math Reading
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) 0.0178 (0.0602) 0.0055 (0.0395) 0.0436 (0.0396) 0.0113 (0.0277)
Resident*(t=−4) 0.0181 (0.0549) 0.0085 (0.0344) 0.0436 (0.0391) 0.0176 (0.0264)
Resident*(t=−3) 0.0021 (0.0446) 0.0114 (0.0341) 0.0291 (0.0365) 0.0185 (0.0303)
Resident*(t=−2) 0.0163 (0.0372) 0.0099 (0.0283) 0.0286 (0.0368) 0.0140 (0.0319)
Post-period Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) 0.0526 (0.0426) 0.0622* (0.0341) 0.0767** (0.0350) 0.0614** (0.0292)
Resident*(t=2) 0.1004* (0.0561) 0.0777* (0.0394) 0.0861** (0.0331) 0.0331 (0.0246)
Sample Size 229918 229918 183850 183468

Gardner (2022) two-stage event-study estimates (school has 3 post-period years)

Levels Gains
Math Reading Math Reading
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) −0.0035 (0.0153) −0.0031 (0.0105) 0.0046 (0.0091) 0.0009 (0.0062)
Resident*(t=−4) 0.0021 (0.0129) 0.0057 (0.0089) 0.0131 (0.0091) 0.0114 (0.0073)
Resident*(t=−3) −0.00007 (0.0115) 0.0028 (0.0093) 0.0041 (0.0108) −0.0006 (0.0076)
Resident*(t=−2) 0.0072 (0.0141) 0.0053 (0.0101) −0.0007 (0.0108) 0.0047 (0.0098)
Post-period Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) 0.0417 (0.0363) 0.0502* (0.0286) 0.0437** (0.0183) 0.0416*** (0.0147)
Resident*(t=2) 0.0721* (0.0438) 0.0494* (0.0291) 0.0439** (0.0197) 0.0124 (0.0116)
Sample Size 385322 385322 308109 307332

Gardner (2022) two-stage event-study estimates (school covariates)

Enrollment Black Hispanic Other Female Special Education
Pre-period Resident*(t=−5) −0.2652 (0.7526) 0.0093*** (0.0031) −0.0054* (0.0033) 0.0015 (0.0010) 0.0022 0.0022 0.0001 0.0019
Resident*(t=−4) −0.0998 (0.4900) 0.0039** (0.0019) −0.0034 (0.0023) 0.0017 (0.0011) −0.0004 0.0016 0.0004 0.0017
Resident*(t=−3) −0.1110 (0.3483) −0.0006 (0.0011) −0.0015 (0.0011) 0.0006 (0.0007) 0.0015 0.0017 −0.0005 0.0013
Resident*(t=−2) 0.2523 (0.4461) −0.0038* (0.0022) 0.0029 (0.0023) −0.0009 (0.0006) 0.0012 0.0018 −0.0007 0.0015
Pos Reference period (t=−1)
Resident*(t=0) (dropped)
Resident*(t=1) −1.1356 (1.2912) −0.0155** (0.0058) 0.0131** (0.0066) −0.0039 (0.0029) 0.0019 0.0045 −0.0047 0.0041
Resident*(t=2) −2.1136 (1.1582) −0.0152* (0.0081) 0.0185** (0.0091) −0.0051 (0.0037) 0.0027 0.0055 −0.0052 0.0048
Sample Size 440968 440968 440968 440968 440968 440968
eISSN:
2193-8997
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics
Journal RSS Feed