Secondary education and international labor mobility: evidence from the natural experiment in the Philippines
and | Jun 26, 2020
About this article
Published Online: Jun 26, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2020-0010
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© 2020 Yoko Sakai and Kazuya Masuda published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Robustness test: different kernel weights
| Male | Female | Overall | Male | Female | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Panel A (main specification) | First stage | Fuzzy RDD | ||||
| Triangular kernel | 0.073*** | 0.109*** | 0.102*** | –0.032*** | –0.007 | –0.028** |
| –0.017 | –0.02 | –0.016 | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.011) | |
| Optimal bandwidth Panel B | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 9 |
| Rectangular kernel | 0.101*** | 0.093*** | 0.090*** | –0.026* | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| (0.020) | (0.022) | (0.011) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.008) | |
| Optimal bandwidth | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
| Panel C | ||||||
| Epanechnikov kernel | 0.089*** | 0.094*** | 0.081*** | –0.030* | 0.012 | –0.009 |
| (0.016) | (0.022) | (0.012) | (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.011) | |
| Optimal bandwidth | 8 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 5 |
Number of land-based overseas Filipino workers by occupation, new hires in 2014
| Occupation | N |
|---|---|
| Household service workers | 183,101 |
| Nursing professionals | 19,815 |
| Waiters, bartenders, and related workers | 13,843 |
| Caregivers and caretakers | 12,075 |
| Charworkers, cleaners, and related workers | 11,894 |
| Laborers/helpers general | 11,515 |
| Wiremen and electrical workers | 8,226 |
| Plumbers and pipe fitters | 7,657 |
| Welders and flame-cutters | 7,282 |
| Cooks and related workers | 5,707 |
The effect of free secondary education on completion of primary school, high school, and college
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary school | Lower high school | Upper high school | College | Primary school | Lower high school | Upper high school | College | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| “1” if born in 1976 or later | 0.006*** | 0.006*** | 0.006*** | 0.002 | 0.005*** | 0.006* | 0.010*** | 0.016*** |
| –0.001 | –0.002 | –0.002 | –0.002 | –0.002 | –0.004 | –0.002 | –0.003 | |
| Survey year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Bandwidth | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 |
| Observation | 252,952 | 252,952 | 252,952 | 376,997 | 207,786 | 249,434 | 292,480 | 292,480 |
OLS and fuzzy RDD estimates of the effects of schooling on working overseas
| Men | Women | Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| OLS | Fuzzy RDD | OLS | Fuzzy RDD | OLS | Fuzzy RDD | |
| Years of schooling | 0.009*** | –0.032*** | 0.006*** | –0.007 | 0.009*** | –0.028** |
| (0.000) | (0.016) | (0.000) | (0.016) | (0.000) | (0.011) | |
| Optimal bandwidth | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 |
| Effective observations | 351,222 | 351,222 | 168,696 | 168,696 | 565,870 | 565,870 |
First stage: the effect of free secondary education on schooling
| Men | Women | Overall | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
| “1” if born in 1976 or later | 0.070*** | 0.073*** | –0.011 | 0.107*** | 0.109*** | 0.038 | 0.111*** | 0.102*** | 0.019 |
| (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.038) | (0.021) | (0.020) | (0.044) | (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.041) | |
| Survey year fixed effects | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Optimal bandwidth | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 8 |
| Cutoff year | 1976 | 1976 | 1971 | 1976 | 1976 | 1971 | 1976 | 1976 | 1971 |
| Effective observations | 210,612 | 252,952 | 370,678 | 249,434 | 292,480 | 371,676 | 207,786 | 589,047 | 742,354 |