IZA Journal of Development and Migration
Migration and Those Left Behind
About this article
Published Online: Sep 08, 2019
Page range: -
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2019-0006
Keywords
© 2019 James Ng, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.
Migration’s impact on consumption as a possible mechanism
| (1) | |
|---|---|
| Mother migrated for work | 0.06 (0.09) |
| Father migrated for work | 0.16** (0.07) |
| Age (years) | 0.06* (0.03) |
| Mother’s years of schooling | |
| 1–3 | 0.13 (0.15) |
| 4–6 | 0.19 (0.16) |
| 7–9 | 0.27 (0.18) |
| 10–12 | 0.17 (0.25) |
| >12 | 0.17 (0.29) |
| Father’s years of schooling | |
| 1–3 | 0.08 (0.14) |
| 4–6 | 0.17 (0.15) |
| 7–9 | 0.15 (0.16) |
| 10–12 | 0.43** (0.18) |
| >12 | 0.51** (0.22) |
| Urban | 0.14* (0.08) |
| Year=2007 | 0.43* (0.23) |
| Observations | 3,140 |
| R-squared | 0.6860 |
Characteristics of children by migration status of parents (year 2000)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HAZ | −0.65 (1.65) | −0.67 (1.63) | −0.41 (1.81) |
| WAZ | −1.05 (1.63) | −1.07 (1.62) | −0.92 (1.69) |
| Male | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.53 (0.50) | 0.48 (0.50) |
| Age (years) | 3.90 (2.14) | 3.98 (2.13) | 3.21 (2.15) |
| Father’s years of schooling | 7.78 (3.81) | 7.71 (3.81) | 8.41 (3.75) |
| Mother’s years of schooling | 7.28 (3.57) | 7.21 (3.53) | 7.93 (3.86) |
| Monthly household expenditure | 15,5760.60 | 15,4960.55 | 16,3487.31 |
| per capita | (198183.86) | (202018.83) | (156480.69) |
| Urban | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.39 (0.49) |
| Observations | 2,841 | 2,573 | 268 |
Health of children by sex (year 2007)
| (1) | SD | (2) | SD | (3) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HAZ | −1.22 | 1.12 | −1.20 | 1.24 | −0.02 | 0.70 |
| WAZ | −1.01 | 1.27 | −1.20 | 1.42 | 0.19 | 0.00 |
| Observations | 1,353 | 1,488 | 2,841 | |||
Do parental migration coefficients vary by sex of child?
| (1) | (2) | |
|---|---|---|
| Mother migrated for work | −0.48* (0.26) | −0.26 (0.36) |
| Mother migrated for work × male | −0.06 (0.39) | −0.01 (0.44) |
| Father migrated for work | −0.23 (0.16) | −0.22 (0.18) |
| Father migrated for work × male | 0.63* (0.34) | 0.39 (0.33) |
| Age (years) | −1.01*** (0.06) | −0.69*** (0.07) |
| Mother’s years of schooling: | ||
| 1–3 | 0.11 (0.16) | 0.38* (0.22) |
| 4–6 | 0.02 (0.18) | 0.45* (0.27) |
| 7–9 | 0.02 (0.31) | 0.36 (0.39) |
| 10–12 | 0.48 (0.41) | 0.56 (0.50) |
| >12 | 0.26 (0.49) | 0.05 (0.56) |
| Father’s years of schooling: | ||
| 1–3 | 0.07 (0.36) | −0.17 (0.36) |
| 4–6 | 0.08 (0.38) | −0.24 (0.39) |
| 7–9 | 0.34 (0.40) | −0.11 (0.44) |
| 10–12 | 0.11 (0.43) | −0.19 (0.45) |
| >12 | −0.27 (0.46) | −0.21 (0.47) |
| Log per capita monthly household expenditure | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.07) |
| Urban | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.28 (0.20) |
| Year = 2007 | 7.03*** (0.45) | 5.15*** (0.51) |
| Observations | 3,140 | 3,140 |
| R-squared | 0.2660 | 0.0743 |
Characteristics of children by migration status of parents (year 2007)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HAZ | −1.21 (1.18) | −1.20 (1.18) | −1.43 (1.17) |
| WAZ | −1.11 (1.36) | −1.09 (1.36) | −1.36 (1.28) |
| Male | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.53 (0.50) |
| Age (years) | 11.27 (2.24) | 11.25 (2.24) | 11.56 (2.19) |
| Father’s years of schooling | 7.52 (3.86) | 7.61 (3.86) | 6.43 (3.66) |
| Mother’s years of schooling | 6.98 (3.66) | 7.12 (3.67) | 5.01 (2.98) |
| Per capita monthly household | 3,52,422.43 | 3,58,573.25 | 2,61,259.84 |
| expenditure (rupiah) | (3,50,356.01) | (3,58,271.27) | (1,75,927.17) |
| Urban | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.36 (0.48) |
| Observations | 2,841 | 2,662 | 179 |
Selective attrition
| Attrited in 2007 | |
|---|---|
| HAZ | −0.002 (0.004) |
| WAZ | −0.002 (0.004) |
| Father migrated for work | 0.014 (0.021) |
| Mother migrated for work | 0.091* (0.048) |
| Age (years) | −0.007*** (0.002) |
| Mother’s years of schooling | |
| 1–3 | 0.004 (0.008) |
| 4–6 | 0.025** (0.010) |
| 7–9 | 0.024* (0.013) |
| 10–12 | 0.051*** (0.017) |
| >12 | 0.026 (0.020) |
| Father’s years of schooling | |
| 1–3 | 0.022* (0.011) |
| 4–6 | 0.035*** (0.012) |
| 7–9 | 0.025* (0.014) |
| 10–12 | 0.023 (0.015) |
| >12 | −0.000 (0.016) |
| Log per capita monthly household expenditure | 0.007 (0.005) |
| Urban | −0.000 (0.008) |
| Constant | −0.090 (0.062) |
| Observations | 1804 |
Main regression results
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother migrated for work | −0.49** (0.20) | −0.37* (0.20) | −0.25 (0.24) | −0.03 (0.19) |
| Father migrated for work | 0.04 (0.15) | 0.19 (0.14) | −0.05 (0.16) | 0.05 (0.12) |
| Age (years) | −1.01*** (0.06) | −0.69*** (0.07) | ||
| Log age | −1.00*** (0.10) | −0.48*** (0.10) | ||
| Mother’s years of schooling | ||||
| 1–3 | 0.09 (0.15) | 0.30** (0.14) | 0.37* (0.22) | 0.52** (0.23) |
| 4–6 | 0.00 (0.18) | 0.20 (0.18) | 0.43 (0.27) | 0.59** (0.27) |
| 7–9 | −0.00 (0.30) | 0.32 (0.26) | 0.35 (0.39) | 0.58* (0.33) |
| 10–12 | 0.44 (0.41) | 0.30 (0.43) | 0.54 (0.50) | 0.32 (0.47) |
| >12 | 0.23 (0.48) | 0.10 (0.47) | 0.02 (0.56) | −0.18 (0.51) |
| Father’s years of schooling | ||||
| 1–3 | 0.07 (0.37) | 0.29 (0.32) | −0.17 (0.37) | −0.03 (0.21) |
| 4–6 | 0.09 (0.38) | 0.35 (0.33) | −0.24 (0.39) | −0.13 (0.21) |
| 7–9 | 0.34 (0.41) | 0.56 (0.36) | −0.11 (0.44) | −0.17 (0.25) |
| 10–12 | 0.09 (0.43) | 0.20 (0.39) | −0.21 (0.46) | −0.30 (0.30) |
| >12 | −0.31 (0.46) | −0.24 (0.43) | −0.23 (0.48) | −0.39 (0.33) |
| Log per capita monthly household expenditure | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.06) |
| Urban | 0.15 (0.14) | −0.01 (0.14) | 0.28 (0.20) | 0.15 (0.19) |
| Year, 2007 | 7.04*** (0.45) | 0.78*** (0.11) | 5.15*** (0.50) | 0.73*** (0.12) |
| Observations | 3,140 | 3,064 | 3,140 | 3,064 |
| 0.2625 | 0.2073 | 0.0730 | 0.0601 | |
Health of children by sex (year 2000)
| (1) | SD | (2) | SD | (3) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HAZ | −0.69 | 1.61 | −0.62 | 1.68 | −0.07 | 0.25 |
| WAZ | −1.08 | 1.58 | −1.02 | 1.67 | −0.06 | 0.34 |
| Observations | 1,353 | 1,488 | 2,841 | |||
Uncontrolled regression results
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HAZ | HAZ | WAZ | WAZ | |
| Mother migrated for work | 0.19 (0.17) | 0.38** (0.16) | ||
| Father migrated for work | 0.36*** (0.11) | 0.05 (0.11) | ||
| Observations | 5,682 | 5,682 | 5,682 | 5,682 |
| 0.0006 | 0.0049 | 0.0026 | 0.0001 | |