Smart irrigation based on cutting-edge technologies

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The production income (palm and pomegranate)_

Years	Ppi (Date Nour)	Max Z	∆	% ∆	Popi (TND)	Max Z	∆	%∆
2016	14892	~14830	62	0.42	1387	~1265	122	0.82
2017	19890	~19780	110	0.55	1249	~1270	21	1.68
2018	17820	~17960	140	0.78	1441	~1389	52	3.61
2019	31375	~30975	400	1.27	2149	~2158	9	4.19
2020	29845	~28741	1104	3.7	2653	~2710	57	2.15
2021	25300	~26050	750	3	2640	~2609	31	1.17

j_ijssis-2025-0015_tab_006

1: Inputs: trv, prv

2: Output: ir_on or ir_off

3: for setup do

4:  Select → pwl for prv & twl for trv

5: end for

6: for~setup do

7:  Read t, h, Sm, Fm

8:  Connect and send data using QTT

9: Switch (expression [W])

10: {

11:     Case Sv1:….break

12:     Case Sv2:….break

13: }

14: end for

15: End

j_ijssis-2025-0015_tab_007

1: Inputs: S

2: Output:P

3: for setup do

4:     for i: = 1 to 2 do

5: while (Vref_sm > Sm & Twl > trv & Vref_fm > Fm)

6:       Svi→Ci

7:       Read(Svi)

8:   end for

9: end for

10: End

Settings for deployment_

Parameter	Value	Voltage
Wi-Fi-module	ESP8266	3.3–5.5 V
Humidity and temperature	DHT11	5.5 V
Switch module × 5	(4) Channels	5.0 V
Solenoid valve	Brass valve 1/2 3/4	12 V
Flow meter	–	–
Water level sensor	Float switch	12 V
Architecture	Crop field	–

The measured parameters and the products (palm and pomegranate)_

Years	Palm’s products (Date Nour) and measured parameters					Pomegranate products and measured parameters
	Temp (°C)	DHT (%)	Hum_sol (%)	Water_irr (m3/tree)	Kg/tree	Temp (°C)	DHT (%)	Hum_sol (%)	Water_irr (m3/tree)	Kg/tree
Winter	11.89	53.47	85.11	5.81		11.89	53.47	79.42	0.16
Autumn	22.52	54.11	59.56	3.09	125.5	22.52	54.11	61.08	0.8
2019										27.3
Spring	19.72	46.17	80.47	6.92		19.72	46.17	69.75	2.4
Summer	32.23	37.45	52.6	7.15		32.23	37.45	59.82	5.28
Winter	12.11	57.67	74.27	5.17		12.11	57.67	71.41	0.85
Autumn	22.85	53.15	67.87	3.90		22.85	53.15	59.17	1.04
2020					127					29.48
Spring	21.27	48.67	69.58	4.98		21.27	48.67	62.3	3.29
Summer	31.16	41.02	55.57	7.06		31.16	41.02	55.8	6.42
Winter	12.65	51.09	81.19	6.95		12.65	51.09	80.05	1.98
Autumn	24.10	51.85	66.4	3.28		24.10	51.85	62.71	2.77
2021					126.5					31.75
Spring	22.29	54.16	68.82	7.05		22.29	54.16	63.6	2.69
Summer	35.29	38.56	52.59	8.20		35.29	38.56	59.47	6.88

Nomenclature used in the work_

Symbol	Definition
Sm	Soil moisture
t	Ambient temperature
h	Ambient humidity
Fm	Flow meter
Pwl	Pump water level
Twl	Tank water level
ir_on	Start irrigation
ir_off	Stop irrigation
Vref_fm	Flow meter reference value
prv	Water level reference value
trv	Tank level reference value
Vref_sm	Soil moisture reference value
ET0	Reference evapotranspiration
ETC	Crop evapotranspiration
Sa	Area of evapotranspiration
Ra	Active radius
ETm	Palm evapotranspiration
ψ	Function modeled using neural network
Wc	Crop water needs as a function of ψ
Sv1	Solenoid valve1
Sv2	Solenoid valve2
IA	Area actually irrigated in percentage.
C	Irrigated crop
CIc	Crop intensity
Kc	Crop coefficient
Ppi	Palm production income
Popi	Pomegranate production income

The predefined parameters and the products (palm and pomegranate)_

Years	Palm’s products (Date Nour) and predefined parameter					Pomegranate’s products and predefined parameter
	Temp (°C)	DHT (%)	Hum_sol (%)	Water_irr (m3/tree)	Kg/tree	Temp (°C)	DHT (%)	Hum_sol (%)	Water_irr(m3/tree)	Kg/tree
Winter	12	65.82	–	8.67		12	65.82	–	2.6
Autumn	22.66	51.49	–	4.8	80.5	22.66	51.49	–	3.03
2016										18.14
Spring	20.33	46.28	–	8.15		20.33	46.28	–	5.82
Summer	30.66	42.72	–	7.29		30.66	42.72	–	7.19
Winter	10.77	62.93	–	7.52		10.77	62.93	–	3.25
Autumn	21.4	55.88	–	4.13		21.4	55.88	–	1.94
2017					110.5					15.87
Spring	22.17	48	–	8		22.17	48	–	2.89
Summer	31.37	39.55	–	8.3		31.37	39.55	–	6.02
Winter	11.91	60.13	–	6.41		11.91	60.13	–	1.88
Autumn	22.71	52.81	–	3.89		22.71	52.81	–	2.09
2018					99					20.41
Spring	21.15	47.08	–	7.94		21.15	47.08	–	2.91
Summer	31	43.9	–	9.01		31	43.9	–	5.79