Eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pest control for sustainable citrus groves in Morocco

The citrus industry plays a significant socio-economic role in the Moroccan national economy. Seventy phytophagous insect, mite and snail species have been recorded from citrus orchards in Morocco. However, only a few are considered major or occasional pests and may cause economic damage warranting control. Using broad-spectrum pesticides to control insects and mites has resulted in several problems due to human, environmental and eco-toxicological concerns. This paper provides an overview of practical and preventative eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pest control for sustainable citrus groves in Morocco. The role of appropriate biological and cultural methods and safe chemical control in controlling citrus pests is discussed.