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Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia

V. Čermák
V. Čermák
, 
B. Nježić
B. Nježić
, 
N. Nazarashvili
N. Nazarashvili
, 
E. Gvritishvili
E. Gvritishvili
, 
K. Tománková
K. Tománková
, 
H. Orságová
H. Orságová
, 
M. Majeská
M. Majeská
, 
J. Foit
J. Foit
 and 
P. Vieira
P. Vieira
   | Dec 26, 2023
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Published Online: Dec 26, 2023
Page range: 227 - 239
Received: May 08, 2023
Accepted: Aug 06, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2023-0029
Keywords
© 2023 V. Čermák et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Light micrograph of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus. A: Female entire body; B: Male entire body; C: Lateral field with four incisures; D: Female anterior region; E, F: Vulva; G, H: Dauer larvae anterior part; I, J: Dauer larvae tail tip; K: Female tail tip; L: Mail tail; A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, K, L: Georgian population; H, J: BiH population; A, B – 100 µm; C-L – 10 µm.
Light micrograph of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus. A: Female entire body; B: Male entire body; C: Lateral field with four incisures; D: Female anterior region; E, F: Vulva; G, H: Dauer larvae anterior part; I, J: Dauer larvae tail tip; K: Female tail tip; L: Mail tail; A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, K, L: Georgian population; H, J: BiH population; A, B – 100 µm; C-L – 10 µm.

Fig. 2.

Phylogenetic tree resulting from alignment of 28S rRNA gene sequences.The tree was inferred by Maximum Likelihood method under the GTR + G + I model. Bootstrap values were obtained from 100 replicate. Values higher than 50% are presented. OK523378 and OK523379 are the original sequences.
Phylogenetic tree resulting from alignment of 28S rRNA gene sequences.The tree was inferred by Maximum Likelihood method under the GTR + G + I model. Bootstrap values were obtained from 100 replicate. Values higher than 50% are presented. OK523378 and OK523379 are the original sequences.

Morphometric comparison between the populations of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus from BiH and Georgia with the type population of B. mucronatus (Mamiya & Enda, 1979) from Japan. All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range).

Dauers Georgian population ♀♀ Georgian population ♂♂ Georgian population Dauers BiH population Dauers Mamiya & Enda 1979 ♀♀ Mamiya & Enda 1979 ♂♂ Mamiya & Enda 1979
n 5 25 12 5 30 40 35
L 597.5±19.8 (570–620) 866.4± 77.0 (738–1018) 675.3 ± 19.7 (652.5–723.0) 589 ± 23.7 (558–620) 590 (500–650) 870 (700–980) 790 (640–970)
a 43.2±2.3 (39.5–45.6) 40.9 ± 2.6 (35.0–45.7) 42.6 ± 3.9 (35.8–50.4) 41.7 ± 3.6 (35.8–45.0) 39.8 (35.1–45.8) 41.8 (36.5–45.9) 44.0 (38.8–51.1)
b 9.5* 11.0 ± 1.2 (8.0–13.3) 9.1 ± 0.4 (8.4–9.9) 9.3* 8.9 (7.9–9.6) 12.6 (9.6–15.6) 11.4 (9.0–14.7)
c 20.7±1.40 (18.3–21.7) 27.1 ± 2.8 (23.3–30.1) 20.0 ± 1.1 (18.6–22.1) 19.4 ± 1.3 (18.0–21.1) 21.2 (19.7–24.4) 26.2 (19.6–30.4) 29.1 (25.7–35.6)
c′ 3.6±0.3 (3.3–4.0) 2.9 ± 0.2 (2.5–3.3) 2.4 ± 0.1 (2.1–2.5) 3.5 ± 0.2 (3.0–3.7)
V [%] - 74.1 ± 2.0 (67.0–76.9) - - 75 (73–77)
Stylet length 8.5* 13.3 ± 1.2 (10.2–15.1) 13.6 ± 0.6 (12.8–14.6) 8.8* 15.8 (14–16) 15.0 (14–16)
Excretory pore position1) 54.9±4.5 (49–58.1) 83.7 ± 3.6 (73.6–89.5) 76.7 ± 4.2 (70.5–84.9) 63,3±7,2 (54.0–74.4)
Pharynx length 59.6* 77.9 ± 4.2 (72.3–91.4) 74.9 ± 3.0 (69.2–80.8) 58.9*
MB2) 59.9±4.9 (54.7–67.9) 66.6 ± 3.7 (62.6–78.3) 64.9± 2.5 (61.5–69.5) 58.0 ± 5.7 (50.7–67.0)
Hemizonid position1) - 95.8± 5.2 (76.0–101.8) 91.0 ± 2.5 (86.9–94.9) -
Anal/cloacal body diameter 8.1±0.2 (7.9–8.4) 11.1± 0.7 (10.1–12.2) 14.0 ± 0.7 (12.7–14.8) 8.2 ± 0.3 (7.8–8.5)
Tail length 29.1±2.8 (27.0–33.9) 32.0± 2.2 (26.0–36.9) 33.9 ± 1.9 (30.4–36.9) 28.3 ± 2.55 (27.0–33.9)
Post-uterine sac length - 156.5 ± 17.9 (125.0–195.6) - -
Spicule length (curved median line) - - 31.2 ± 1.5 (28.5–33.6) - 26.0 (23–29)

Virtual ITS-RFLP patterns of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus from BiH and Georgia.

BiH population, OK523378 Georgian population, OK523379
ITS-PCR product RsaI HaeIII MspI HinfI AluI RsaI HaeIII MspI HinfI AluI
Fragment sizes (~bp) 884* 490 623 355 411 678 412 623 355 411 678
412 196 304 232 246 264 196 304 232 246
22 105 265 120 226 105 265 120
87 22 87
49 49
25 25

List of Bursaphelenchus species described from Georgia.

No. status Species Insect vector Associated plant/note Group* Reference
1 valid B. chitwoodi Rühm, 1956 Hylastes ater (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Pinus sp. (Pinales: Pinaceae), exact pine species is not mentioned in the text Hofmanni group Kakulia & Shalibashvili, 1976a
Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai, Pinus pityosa Steven (Pinales: Pinaceae) Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
2 valid B. crenati Rühm, 1956 Hylesinus crenatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleales: Oleaceae) Xylophilus group Kurashvili et al., 1980
3 valid B. eggersi Rühm, 1956 Hylurgops palliatus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Picea orientalis (L.) (Pinales:Pinaceae); Abies sp., Larix sp.; Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus cedrus L. (Pinales: Pinaceae) Eggersi group Kakulia & Maglakelidze, 1973
Kurashvili et al., 1980
4 valid B. eidmanni Rühm, 1956 Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Abies sp., Larix sp., Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus cedrus L., P. sosnowskyi Nakai (Pinales: Pinaceae) Eidemani group Kakulia, 1971
Georgia Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975** Kurashvili et al., 1980
5 valid B. eremus Rühm, 1956 Scolytus intricatus (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Populus gracilis Grossh., Salix sp. (Salicales: Salicaceae), Castanea vulgaris Hance, Quercus iberica Steven ex Bieb., Q. pedunculata Ehrh., Q. sessiliflora Salisb. (Fagales: Fagaceae), Ulmus foliacea Gilib. (Urticales: Ulmaceae) Eremus group Kurashvili et al., 1980
6 valid B. ernoporus Devdariani, 1975 Ernoporicus fagi (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolitidae) Fagus sp. (Fagales: Fagaceae), Carpinus sp. (Fagales: Betulaceae) Insufficient description: not considered for Grouping Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975** Mikaia et al., 2010
Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum) Ryss et al., 2005 (nomen nudum)
7 valid B. erosus Kurashvili et al., 1980 Orthotomicus erosus (Woll.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Abies sp., Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai (Pinales: Pinaceae) Pinus pityusa Steven Eidemani group Kurashvili et al., 1980
Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
8 valid B. eucarpus Rühm, 1956 Scolytus mali (Bechstein & Scharfenberg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Malus domestica Borkh., Prunus sp., Sorbus sp. (Rosales: Rosaceae), Ulmaceae gen. sp. (Urticales) Sexdentati group Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975**
Kurashvili et al., 1980
9 valid B. fraudulentus Rühm, 1956 Saperda carcharias(L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) - Xylophilus group Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975**
Kurashvili et al., 1980
10 valid B. georgicus Devdariani et al., 1980 Rhopalopus macropus Germar (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Quercus iberica Schur. (Fagales: Fagaceae) Insufficient description: not considered for grouping Devdariani et al., 1980
Kakulia, 1989
Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
Ryss et al., 2005
11 valid B. idius Rühm, 1956 Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Pinus sp. (Pinales: Pinaceae), Carpinus caucasica Grossh. (Betulales: Betulaceae), Juglans sp. (Juglandales: Juglandaceae), Populus tremula L. (Salicales: Salicaceae), Quercus iberica Steven ex Bieb. (Fagales: Fagaceae) Six-incisure ungrouped species Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975**
Kurashvili et al., 1980
12 valid B. incurvus Rühm, 1956 Dendroctonus micans (Kugel.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Abies sp., Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinales: Pinaceae) Sexdentati group Kurashvili et al., 1980
13 valid B. mucronatus Mamiya & Enda, 1979 Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Pinus sylvestris (L.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) Xylophilus group This article
14 valid B. nuesslini Rühm, 1956 Pityokeines curvidens (Germar) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Not mentioned in the text. Piniperdae group Kakulia & Shalibashvili, 1976b
15 valid B. piniperdae Fuchs, 1937 Blastophagus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai, Pinus pityosa Steven (Pinales: Pinaceae) Piniperdae group Kakulia, Devdariani, 1965
Kakulia, 1967
Kurashvili et al., 1980
Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
16 valid B. populneus Devdariani, 1937 Saperda populnea L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Populus sp. Insufficient description: not considered for grouping Devdariani, 1973*
Mikaia et al., 2010
Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
Ryss et al., 2005 (nomen nudum)
17 valid B. ratzerburgii Rühm, 1956 Scolytus ratzeburgii Janson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Betula sp. (Betulales: Betulaceae) Hofmanni group Kurashvili et al., 1980
18 valid B. scalari Kakulia, 1989 Saperda scalaris L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Alnus glutinosa L. Insufficient description: not considered for grouping Kakulia, 1989
19 valid B. sexdentati Rühm, 1960 Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai, Pinus pityosa Steven (Pinales: Pinaceae) Sexdentati gropu Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975**
Kurashvili et al., 1980
Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
20 valid B. sutoricus Devdariani, 1974 Monochamus sutor (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Pinus sp. (Pinales: Pinaceae) Sexdentati group Devdariani, 1974
21 valid B. tbilisiensis Kakulia, 1989 Saperda carcharias L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Not mentioned in the text. Insufficient description: not considered for grouping Kakulia, 1989
Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
Ryss et al., 2005 (nomen nudum)
22 valid B. wekuae Kakulia et al., 1978 Trypophloeus sp. (erroneously named as Trypodendron sygnatum) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Carpinus caucasica Grossh. (Betulales: Betulaceae), Fagus orientalis Lipsky. (Fagales: Fagaceae) Insufficient description: not considered for Grouping Kakulia et al., 1978**
Kurashvili et al., 1980
Kakulia, 1989
Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
Ryss et al., 2005
23 valid B. xerocarterus Rühm, 1956 Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius), S. multistriatus (Marsh.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Ulmus foliacea Gilib., Zelkova sp. (Urticales: Ulmaceae), Carpinus caucasica Grossh. (Betulales: Betulaceae), Juglans sp. (Juglandales: Juglandaceae), Populus nigra L. (Salicales: Salicaceae) Hofmanni/Abietinus group Kakulia & Devdariani, 1967
Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975**
Kurashvili et al., 1980
Ryss et al., 2005
24 species inquirendae vel incertae sedis B. conurus (Steiner, 1932) - - - Kakulia, 1989
Hunt, 1993
Ryss et al., 2005
25 species inquirendae vel incertae sedis B. conjuctus - - - Kakulia, 1989
Hunt, 1993
Ryss et al., 2005
26 species inquirendae vel incertae sedis B. rüehmi - - - Kakulia, 1989
Hunt, 1993
Ryss et al., 2005
27 nomen nudum B. hylesini - - - Devdariani, 1975**
Kurashvili et al., 1980
This article (Nomina Nuda)
28 Transfer to other genus B. lignophilus (Körner, 1954) - Laimaphelenchus lignophilus (Körner, 1954) - Kakulia, 1989
Meyl, 1961 Goodey, 1960 Ryss et al., 2005
29 Transfer to other genus B. teratospicularis Kakulia & Devdariani, 1965 - Devibursaphelenchus teratospicularis - Kakulia & Devdariani, 1965
Kakulia, 1989
Ryss et al., 2005
Braasch, 2009
30 Transfer to other genus B. typographi Kakulia, 1967 - Devibursaphelenchus typographi - Kakulia, 1967
Kakulia, 1989
Ryss et al., 2005
Braasch, 2009
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