Many nematodes can be associated to garlic plants. Twenty genera of nematodes have been recorded to be associated with the roots of garlic plants in Yemen;
The most common nematode genera associated with garlic plantations in Magelang, Central Java, were
Nucleotides data for
The nematodes were extracted from garlic roots, bulbs, and soil obtained from garlic field in Kaliangkrik, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Two main fields used as collection sites: the first site was planted Lumbu Kuning Variety and second site was planted Tawangmangu Baru Variety. Samples were collected using the direct sampling method on symptomatic plants (purposive sampling method). The symptoms shown on garlic plants were yellowing and wilted leaves, rotting bulbs, and disturbed plant growth.
Nematode extraction was carried out by directly soaking the plant's materials in the water. Without being washed, the roots and bulbs were cut into smaller parts. Then, the roots and bulbs were transferred to the petri-dish filled with sterile water and let sit for about 6 hours at 18 – 27°C. The water was filtered to remove the plant materials and collected to a becker glass (Ajri
Morphological identification to genera was carried out by comparing the specimen to literature by Mai and Mullin (1996). The species identification observation compared with Uzma
DNA extraction was perfomed using the CTAB method (Cseke
Molecular characterization was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing nucleotides using universal primer targeting the 28S rRNA gene (D2A/D3B). PCR was carried out by
Amplified D2–D3 expansion region were sequenced to obtain DNA base sequence data. Sequence data were edited by
For this study formal consent is not required.
Garlic plants associated with some nematodes were looked smaller and wilted than other healthy plants. Their leaves turned yellow (Fig. 1.A). The root area looked unhealthy with rotting bulbs when the plants were uprooted. Bulbs rot usually comes with fungi (white rot) that causes the soil cover up the bulb (Fig. 1.B).
In this study,
The nematode population found extracted from root, soil and bulb of garlic plants.
Nematodes Genera | Site 1 (Lumbu Kuning Variety) | Site 2 (Tawangmangu Baru Variety) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roots (0.5 g) | Bulbs (3 g) | Soil (100 g) | Roots (0.5 g) | Bulbs (3 g) | Soil (100 g) | |
50.8 | 38 | 2.5 | 8 | 0.8 | 0 | |
0.6 | 0 | 7.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 19.7 |
Based on the identification to the nematode genera (Mai & Mullin, 1996), two most found genera were identified as genus
Measurements of female
Location Publication | Magelang. Indonesia (This Study) | Tegal. Indonesia (Kusuma |
Yunnan. China (Huang |
---|---|---|---|
Number of Specimen | 5 | 7 | 20 |
Body Length | 645.20 ± 54.44 (565.39 – 710.57) | 567.35 ± 74.74 (494.51 – 704.59) | 780 ± 56.70 (634 – 900) |
Stylet Length | 17.14 ± 0.53 (16.67 – 18.05) | 12.39 ± 1.01 (11.17 – 14.01) | 14.20 ± 0.50 (13.50 – 15.00) |
Tail Length | 55.66 ± 3.13 (52.02 – 59.85) | 36.63 ± 2.96 (32.61 – 42.34) | 49.00 ± 2.90 (43.00 – 53.00) |
V (%) | 61.74 ± 1.25 (60.30 – 63.18) | 69.72 ± 1.15 (68.32 – 71.2) | 69.20 ± 0.75 (68.20 – 71.20) |
a | 22.30 ± 2.08 (20.02 – 25.03) | 28.71 ± 3.98 (24.29 – 35.8) | 30.40 ± 1.68 (26.50 – 33.20) |
c | 11.59 ± 0.68 (10.87 – 12.65) | 15.47 ± 1.26 (13.81 – 16.90) | 16.11 ± 0.58 (15.00 – 17.10) |
Measurements of female
Location | Magelang. Indonesia | Palmerston. New Zealand | Haast. New Zealand | Calarcá. Quindío. Colombia | La Celia. Risaralda. Colombia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Publication | (This Study) | (Wouts & Yeates. 1994) | (Riascoz-Ortiz |
(Uzma. |
||
Number of Specimen | 7 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 25 | |
Body Length | 605.35 ± 68.33 (500.30 – 690.54) | 873 ± 63.90 (761 – 938) | 690 ± 49.80 (631 – 758) | 530 ± 100 (400 – 700) | 600 ± 100 (460 – 680) | 480 – 610 |
Stylet Length | 28.19 ± 2.57 (22.64 – 29.87) | 28.30 ± 1.23 (26.00 – 30.00) | 27.90 ± 0.97 (25.50 – 29.00) | 22.70 ± 1.00 (21.00 – 25.00) | 22.80 ± 0.83 (21.00 – 24.00) | (23 – 26) |
Tail Length | 23.69 ± 6.22 (19.39 – 30.57) | 20.60 ± 2.80 (16.00 – 24.00) | 14.70 ± 2.71 (9 – 18) | 20.53 ± 2.20 (17.00 – 25.00) | 20.65 ± 2.39 (17.00 – 26.00) | |
V (%) | 66.55 ± 4.08 (62.95 – 72.87) | 62 ± 2.85 (58 – 68) | 63 ± 2.22 (59 – 65) | 63.80 ± 1.80 (60.10 – 67.60) | 63.70 ± 2.16 (60.82 – 68.54) | (60 – 65) |
a | 21.79 ± 1.64 (18.86 – 23.64) | 29.70 ± 1.64 (27.00 – 32.00) | 28.20 ± 1.87 (24.00 – 30.00) | 25.03 ± 2.00 (22.70 – 29.70) | 25.90 ± 2.20 (22.86 – 30.91) | 23 – 26 |
c | 23.73 ± 2.92 (18.79 – 27.13) | 43 ± 5.99 (31 – 51) | 48 ± 10.55 (35 – 74) | 25.93 ± 4.10 (19.20 – 31.50) | 28.09 ± 3.00 (21.82 – 32.94) | 27 – 34 |
The first genus identified as
PCR electrophoresis result showed that the
The phylogenetic analysis of D2–D3 28S rRNA gene showed that our sample (OK055306)
Multiple sequences alignment for species representatives within Genus
Phylogenetic tree for
Common symptoms caused by nematodes include yellowing, stunted growth, and accompanied by a decrease in yield. Plant damage due to nematodes alone is difficult to observe because the aboveground symptoms are similar to symptoms of nutrient deficiency and they also can be associated with other pathogens. It is necessary to carry out laboratory tests to see the presence of important plant-parasitic nematodes that can potentially reduce yields (Schmitt & Sipes, 2000; William
The
The molecular analysis supported
Morphology and molecular identification of
The morphological characters of
The phylogenetic tree supported that
Based on morphological observations and molecular characters,
Future study for