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Fig. 1

Lethal concentrations (LC50) required to inhibit 50% of Haemonchus contortus eggs hatching after 48 h and larval mortality after 72 h exposure with a Ruta chalepensis full extract. Cl= confidence interval (95%)
Lethal concentrations (LC50) required to inhibit 50% of Haemonchus contortus eggs hatching after 48 h and larval mortality after 72 h exposure with a Ruta chalepensis full extract. Cl= confidence interval (95%)

Fig. 2

Diagrams generated from HPLC chromatography showing spectra about phenolic compounds obtained from Ruta chalepensis FE under different retention times.
Diagrams generated from HPLC chromatography showing spectra about phenolic compounds obtained from Ruta chalepensis FE under different retention times.

Haemonchus contortus egg hatching inhibition values attributed to the effect of a Ruta chalepensis full extract at different concentrations.

Concentration mg/mL Average of recovered eggs (± Standard deviation) Average of recovered larvae (± Standard deviation) Egg hatching inhibition (%)
1.25 6 ± 3 144 ± 18 1a
2.5 87 ± 86 103 ± 79 41a
5 122 ± 86 95 ± 96 57a
10 225 ± 27 9 ± 6 96b
20 221 ± 69 0 ± 0 100b
Distilled water 5 ± 4 195 ± 10 3a

Haemonchus contortus egg hatching inhibition values attributed to the effect of two phases (aqueous and organic) and a full organic extract of Ruta chalepensis at different concentrations.

Aqueous phase (Aq-Ph) Organic phase (EtOAc-Ph) Whole organic extract
Concentration mg/mL Average of recovered eggs (±Standard deviation) Average of recovered larvae (±Standard deviation) Egg hatching inhibition (%) Average of recovered eggs (±Standard deviation) Average of recovered larvae (±Standard deviation) Egg hatching inhibition (%) Average of recovered eggs (±Standard deviation) Average of recovered larvae (±Standard deviation) Egg hatching inhibition (%)
1.25 75 ± 5 57 ± 10 57c 108 ± 15 0 100b 6 ± 3 144 ± 18 1a
2.5 107 ± 10 30 ± 12 78b 105 ± 16 0 100b 87 ± 86 103 ± 79 41a
5 65 ± 6 65 ± 3 50c 112 ± 15 0 100b 122 ± 86 95 ± 96 57a
10 63 ± 9 70 ± 9 47c 105 ± 16 0 100b 225 ± 27 9 ± 6 96b
20 34 ± 4 135 ± 15 20d 86 ± 17 0 100b 221 ± 69 0 ± 0 100b
Controls
Distilled water 4 ± 2 127 ± 8 3a ----- ----- ----- 5 ± 4 195 ± 10 3a
Methanol 4% ----- ----- ----- 72 ± 12 3 ± 1 3a NA NA NA

Volatile compounds identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) from Ruta chalepensis EtOAc-Ph.

Compound Retention time (min) Molecular weight (a.m.u.) Identified compound Type of compounds
1 14.92 208 Elemicin Phenylpropene
2 15.53 192 Piperonyl acetone Phenylbutanone
3 16.33 186 1,2,3,3a,4,9,10,10a-Octahydrobenzo[f] azulene phenylcycloalkanes
4 18.02 220 1-piperonylpiperazine phenylpiperazine
5 18.48 186 7H-Furo[3,2-g][1] benzopyran-7-one, 4-methoxy Furocoumarins
6 18.60 270 Ethyl pentadecanoate fatty acid ester
7 19.36 256 Hexadecanoid acid saturated long-chain fatty acid
8 20.20 248 PTH-4-hydroxyproline nonessential amino acid
9 20.43 216 Methoxsalen Furocoumarins
10 20.49 252 1-Octadecanol Stearyl alcohol
11 21.21 308 Ethyl linoleate fatty acid ethyl ester
12 21.23 284 Octadecanoic acid saturated fatty acid
13 21.56 230 Procerin cyclic alkene
14 21.69 229 4,4′-Dimethoxydiphenylamine aromatic amine
15 22.16 246 5,8-Dimethoxypsoralen Furocoumarins
16 23.24 340 n-butyl stearate Fatty acid ester
17 27.28 314 12-methoxy-5β-abieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one Diterpenoids
18 29.09 356 17α-methoxyprogesterone steroidal progestin
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