Search for the Occurrence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in Pigs Within Zaria and Environs, in Kaduna State, Nigeria

1. Agbogu, V. N., Umoh, V. J., Charles, A. O., Smith, S. I, Joseph, B. A., 2006: Study of the bacteriological and physiological indicators of pollution of surface waters in Zaria, Nigeria. AJB, 5, 9, 732—737.Search in Google Scholar

2. Akobi, B., Aboderin, O., Sasaki, T., Shittu, A., 2012: Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus isolates from faecal samples of the straw-coloured Fruit Bat (Eidolon Helvum) in Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Nigeria. BMC Microbiol., 12, 1, 279. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-279.10.1186/1471-2180-12-279355457923181939Search in Google Scholar

3. Aliyu, A. A., Ajogi, I. A., Ajanusi, O. J., Reuben, R. C., 2014: Epidemiological studies of Fasciola gigantica in cattle in Zaria, Nigeria, using coprology and serology. J. Public Health Epidemiol., 6, 2, 85—91. DOI: 10.58971/JPHE2013.0535.Search in Google Scholar

4. Ananthakrishnan, A., 2011:Clostridium difficile infection; risk factors and management. Nature Review Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 8, 1, 17—26. DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.190.10.1038/nrgastro.2010.19021119612Search in Google Scholar

5. Barrow, G. I., Feltham, R. K. A., 2003:Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. 3rd edn., Cambridge University Press, UK, 94—163.Search in Google Scholar

6. Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M., Sherris, J. C., Turck, M., 1966: Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 45, 4, 493—496.10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493Search in Google Scholar

7. Beshiru, A., Igbinasa, I. H., Igbinosa, E. O., 2016: An investigation on antibiogram characteristic of Escherichia coli isolated from piggery farms in Benin City, Nigeria. AST, 1, 1, 8—12. DOI: 10.22366/ast.2016.01.002.10.22366/ast.2016.01.002Search in Google Scholar

8. Brook, I., Wexler, H. M, Goldstein, E. J. C., 2013: Anti-anaerobic and antimicrobials: spectrum and susceptibility testing. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 26, 3, 526—546. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00086-12.10.1128/CMR.00086-12371949623824372Search in Google Scholar

9. Carter, G. P., Rood, J. I., Lyras, D., 2010: The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile associated disease, past and present perspectives. Gut Microbes, 1, 1, 58—64. DOI: 4161/gmic.1.1.10768.10.4161/gmic.1.1.10768290682220664812Search in Google Scholar

10. Chan, G., Farzan, A., Prescott, J. F., Friendship, R., 2013: How do swine practitioners and veterinary pathologist arrive at diagnoses of Clostridium perfringens type A enteritis in neonatal piglets. Can. Vet. J., 54, 5, 504—506.Search in Google Scholar

11. Chan, G., Farzan, A., Soltes, G., Nicholson, V. M, Pei, Y., Friendship, R., et al., 2012: The epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens type A on Ontario swine farms, with special reference to cpb2 positive isolates. BMC Vet. Res., 8, 156. DOI: 10. 1186/1746-6148-8-156.10.1186/1746-6148-8-156350384522947389Search in Google Scholar

12. Chukwu, E. E., Nwaokorie, F. O., Coker, A. O., Avila-Campos, M. J., Ogunsola, F. T., 2017: Genetic variation among Clostridium perfringens isolated from food and faecal specimens in Lagos. Microb. Pathog., 111, 232—237. DOI: 10. 1016/j.micpath.2017.08.031.10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.03128867621Search in Google Scholar

13. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, 2018:Performance Testing for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 28th edn., CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, Wayne, PA, 96—100.Search in Google Scholar

14. Cromwell, G. L., 2002: Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production. Anim. Biotechnol., 13, 1, 7—27. DOI: 10. 1081/ABIO-120005767.10.1081/ABIO-12000576712212945Search in Google Scholar

15. Davies, A. H., Roberts, A. K., Shone, C. C., Acharya, K. R., 2011: Super toxins from a superbug: structure and function of Clostridium difficile toxins. Biochem. J., 436, 517—526. DOI: 10. 1042/BJ20110106.10.1042/BJ2011010621615333Search in Google Scholar

16. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility, 2018:Testing. Breakpoints Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, Version 8.0. 2018. http://WWW.eucast.org. Accessed in May, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

17. Eyre, J. W. H., 2009: The Project Gutenberg Book of the Elements of Bacteriological Technique. A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental and Technical Students. 2nd edn., Rewritten and enlarged. W. B. Saunders Company Press, Philadelphia, 276—305.Search in Google Scholar

18. Fashae, K., Hendriksen, R. S., 2014: Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from pig farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. Folia Microbiol., 59, 1, 69—77. DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0270-6.10.1007/s12223-013-0270-623893398Search in Google Scholar

19. Ferreira, T. S. P., Moreno, M. A., de Almeida, R. R., Gomes, C. R., Sena de Gobhi, D. D., Lima Filsner, P. H. N., et al., 2012: Molecular typing of Clostridium perfringens isolated from swine in slaughterhouses from Sao Paolo State, Brazil. Cienc. Rural, 42, 8, 1450—1456.10.1590/S0103-84782012000800020Search in Google Scholar

20. Jeffrey, E. R., Stanley, M. H., 2001:Clostridium perfringens in US Food and Drug Administration. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8th edn., Chapter 16. https://www.academia.edu/23345561/Bacteriological_Analytical_Manual. Accessed in May, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

21. Karczmarczyk, M., Martins, M., Quinn, T., Leonard, N., Fanning, S., 2011: Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from food-producing animals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77, 20, 7113—7120. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM.00600-11.10.1128/AEM.00600-11319484621856834Search in Google Scholar

22. Kiu, R., Hall, L. J., 2018: An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 7, 141. DOI: 10. 1038/s41426-018-0144-8.Search in Google Scholar

23. Lawson, P. A., Citron, D. M., Tyrrell, K. L., Finegold, S. M., 2016: Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O’Toole, 1935) Prevot 1938. Anaerobe, 40, 95—99. DOI: 10. 1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.008.10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.00827370902Search in Google Scholar

24. Maikai, B. V., Umoh, J. U., Kwaga, J. K. P., Maikai, V. A., Egege, S. C., 2009: Prevalence and risk factors associated with faecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocyst in piglets, Kaduna, Nigeria. J. Parasitol. Vector Biol., 1, 1, 001—004.Search in Google Scholar

25. McClane, B. A., 2007:Clostridium perfringens. In Doyle, M. P., Beuchat, L. R.:Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. 3rd. edn., Washington DC, ASM Press, 423—444.10.1128/9781555815912.ch19Search in Google Scholar

26. Modi, N., Gulati, N., Solomon, K., Monaghan, T., Robins, A., Sewell, F. H., et al., 2011: Differential binding and internalization of Clostridium difficile toxin A by human peripheral blood monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Scand. J. Immunol., 74, 3, 264—271. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011..02578.x.Search in Google Scholar

27. Momoh, A. H., Kwaga, J. K. P., Bello, M., Sackey, A. K. B., 2016: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from pigs and in contact with humans in Jos, metropolis. Nig. Vet. J., 37, 3, 140—147.Search in Google Scholar

28. Moono, P., 2017:Aspects of Clostridium difficile Infection in Pigs. Thesis, 4.4: Discussion, 82—85. www.researchgate.net/publication/321373143. Accessed in June 17, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

29. Nerandzic, M. M., Pultz, M. J., Donskey, C. J., 2009: Examination of potential mechanisms to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 53, 10, 4133—4137. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00252-09.10.1128/AAC.00252-09276423019667292Search in Google Scholar

30. Ngamwongsatit, B., Tanomsridachchai, W., Suthienkul, O., Urairong, S., Navasakuljinda, W., Janvilisri, T., 2016: Multidrug resistance in Clostridium perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in Thailand. Anaerobe, 38, 88—89. DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.012.10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.01226752714Search in Google Scholar

31. Norman, K. N., Scott, H. M., Harvey, R. B., Norby, B. O., Hume, M. E., Andrews, K., 2011: Prevalence and genotypic characteristics of Clostridium difficile in a closed and integrated human and swine population. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77, 16, 5755—5760. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM. 05007-11.10.1128/AEM.05007-11316527121724899Search in Google Scholar

32. Oren, A., Garity, G. M., 2016: List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. IJSEM, 66, 12, 3761—3764. DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001620.10.1099/ijsem.0.00162028079499Search in Google Scholar

33. Paredes-Sabja, D., Sarker, M. R., 2012: Interactions between Clostridium perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages. Anaerobe, 18, 1, 148—156. DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe. 2011.12.019.Search in Google Scholar

34. Parmley, J., Leung, Z., Léger, D., Finley, R., Irwin, R., Pintar, K., et al., 2012: One health and food safety, the Canadian experience: a holistic approach toward enteric bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance surveillance. In Institute of Medicine (US):Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary. National Academics Press (US), Washington (DC), Accessed on September 18, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114511/.Search in Google Scholar

35. Aruda, P. H. E., 2014:Clostridium difficile Infection in Neonatal Piglets, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors and Prevention. Graduate thesis and dissertation paper, 2. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd. Accessed in May, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

36. R. I. M., 1992:Nigerian Livestock Resources, National Synthesis. Resource Inventory and Management Ltd., Jardine House, St. Helier, Jersey, UK, 2 pp.Search in Google Scholar

37. Salvarani, F. M., Silveira-silver, R. O., Pires, P. S., da Costa Cruz Junior, E. C., Albefaro, I. S., de Carvalho Guedes, R. M, et al., 2012: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from piglets with or without diarrhoea in Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol., 43, 3, 1030—1033. DOI: 10. 1590/S1517-838220120003000027.10.1590/S1517-83822012000300027Search in Google Scholar

38. Silva, R. O. S., Junior, C. A. O., Guedes, R. M. C., Lobato, F. C. F., 2015:Clostridium perfringens: a review of the disease in pigs, horses and broiler chickens. Cienc. Rural, 4, 6, 1027—1034. DOI:10.1590/0103-8478cr20140927.10.1590/0103-8478cr20140927Search in Google Scholar

39. Silva, S. O. R., Rupnik, M., Diniz, N. A., Vilela, G. E., Lobato, F. C. F., 2015:Clostridium difficile ribotypes in humans and animals in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 110, 8, 1062—1065. DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150294.10.1590/0074-02760150294470802826676318Search in Google Scholar

40. Slavić, D., Boerlin, P., Fabri, M, Klotins, K. C., Zoethout, J. K., Weir, P. E., et al., 2011: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolates of bovine, chicken, porcine, and turkey origin from Ontario. Can. J. Vet. Res., 75, 2, 89—97.Search in Google Scholar

41. Songer, J. G., 1996: Clostridial enteric diseases of domestic animals. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 9, 2, 216—234. DOI:10.1128/CMR.9.2.216.10.1128/CMR.9.2.2161728918964036Search in Google Scholar

42. Songer, J. G., Uzal, F. A., 2005: Clostridial enteric infections in pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 17, 6, 528—536. DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700602.10.1177/10406387050170060216475510Search in Google Scholar

43. Tansuphasiri, U., Matra, W., Sangsuk, L., 2005: Antimicrobial resistance among Clostridium perfringens isolated from various sources in Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 36, 4, 954—961.Search in Google Scholar

44. Thrusfield, M., 1997:Veterinary Epidemiology. 2nd edn., Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 180—181.Search in Google Scholar

45. Tizhe, J. Q., Bello, M., Kabir, J., Musa, J. A., Lamurde, N. J., 2015: Isolation and biochemical identification of Clostridium perfringens from raw beef sold in retail outlets in Zaria metropolis, Nigeria. IJCMAS, 4, 11, 23—39.Search in Google Scholar

46. Uzal, F. A., Songer, J. G., 2008: Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 20, 3, 253—265. DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000301.10.1177/10406387080200030118460610Search in Google Scholar

47. van Asten, J. A. M., Nikolaou, G. N., Grone, A., 2010: The occurrence of cpb2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens and the possible role of the b2-toxin in enteric disease of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. Vet. J., 183, 2, 135—140. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.11.005.10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.11.00519101180Search in Google Scholar

48. van den Bogaard, A. E. J. M., London, N., Stobberingh, E. E., 2000: Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from The Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 45, 5, 663—671. DOI: 10.1093/jac/45.5.663.10.1093/jac/45.5.66310797090Search in Google Scholar

49. Weese, J. S., Wakeford, T., Reid-Smith, R., Rousseau, J., Friendship, R., 2010: Longitudinal investigation of Clostridium difficile shedding in piglets. Anaerobe, 16, 5, 501—504. DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.08.001.10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.08.00120708700Search in Google Scholar

50. Wilcox, M. H., 2012: Overcoming barriers to effective recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 18, 6, 13—20. DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691. 12057.Search in Google Scholar