<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>The aims of the study were: (i) to examine how well the hillock forests are distinguishable from the forests of comparable site types, (ii) to ascertain the hillock forest indicator species, (iii) to elucidate the hillock forests’ community types, (iv) to assess the practical requirement for differentiation of hillock forests as a self-sufficient typological unit for forestry. The data included altogether 160 descriptions of hillock forest communities and 42 relevés of other site type stands for comparison. The historical continuity of hillock forests was estimated from old topographic maps. We established that the hillock forests constitute statistically a reliable distinct group of forests. Among the characteristic species having an indicator value significance level of up to 0.50, by the ecological strategy 43.2% belong to competitors, 37.8% are competitors and stress-tolerant ruderals, and 10.8% competitors and stress tolerators; according to the hemeroby, 62.5% of these species are apophyts and 30.0% hemeradiaphors. Most hillock forests (55.6%) are located on former slash-and-burn areas (bushlands) or reforested agricultural land (36.1%). The hillock forests can be classified into four forest types: 1) <italic>Fragaria vesca–Festuca ovina–Pinus sylvestris</italic> type, 2) <italic>Fragaria vesca–Oxalis acetosella–Pinus sylvestris</italic> type, 3) <italic>Fragaria vesca–Viola mirabilis–Picea abies–Populus tremula</italic> type and, 4) <italic>Fragaria vesca–Equisetum pratense–Betula pendula</italic> type. There is no need to define the hillock forests as a separate forest site type in practical forest typology, nevertheless recognition of these forests as representing the habitat directive type 9060 is important from the viewpoint of biodiversity maintenance.</p>
</abstract>

The aims of the study were: (i) to examine how well the hillock forests are distinguishable from the forests of comparable site types, (ii) to ascertain the hillock forest indicator species, (iii) to elucidate the hillock forests’ community types, (iv) to assess the practical requirement for differentiation of hillock forests as a self-sufficient typological unit for forestry. The data included altogether 160 descriptions of hillock forest communities and 42 relevés of other site type stands for comparison. The historical continuity of hillock forests was estimated from old topographic maps. We established that the hillock forests constitute statistically a reliable distinct group of forests. Among the characteristic species having an indicator value significance level of up to 0.50, by the ecological strategy 43.2% belong to competitors, 37.8% are competitors and stress-tolerant ruderals, and 10.8% competitors and stress tolerators; according to the hemeroby, 62.5% of these species are apophyts and 30.0% hemeradiaphors. Most hillock forests (55.6%) are located on former slash-and-burn areas (bushlands) or reforested agricultural land (36.1%). The hillock forests can be classified into four forest types: 1) Fragaria vesca–Festuca ovina–Pinus sylvestris type, 2) Fragaria vesca–Oxalis acetosella–Pinus sylvestris type, 3) Fragaria vesca–Viola mirabilis–Picea abies–Populus tremula type and, 4) Fragaria vesca–Equisetum pratense–Betula pendula type. There is no need to define the hillock forests as a separate forest site type in practical forest typology, nevertheless recognition of these forests as representing the habitat directive type 9060 is important from the viewpoint of biodiversity maintenance.

Estonian hillock forests; their types and indicator species

Forestry Studies

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Eesti sürjametsad; nende tüübid ja indikaatorliigid

The aims of the study were: (i) to examine how well the hillock forests are distinguishable from the forests of comparable site types, (ii) to ascertain the...

Estonian hillock forests; their types and indicator species

Article Category: Research paper

Published Online: Feb 20, 2023

Page range: 21 - 45

Received: Mar 04, 2022

Accepted: Apr 06, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2022-0002

Keywords
forest site types, classification, ordination, indicator species, soil properites, habitat type 9060

© 2022 Jaanus Paal et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Estonian hillock forests; their types and indicator species

Article Category: Research paper

Published Online: Feb 20, 2023

Page range: 21 - 45

Received: Mar 04, 2022

Accepted: Apr 06, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2022-0002

Keywordsforest site types, classification, ordination, indicator species, soil properites, habitat type 9060

© 2022 Jaanus Paal et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
forest site types, classification, ordination, indicator species, soil properites, habitat type 9060