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Descriptive statistics for the different countries self-reported EBP use, attitude, and knowledge/skills by country.

EBPQ subscale score Afghanistan (n = 65) Ghana (n = 226) Iran (n = 225) Uganda (n = 160) P value
Practice score 23.4 (SD = 8.7) 21.3 (SD = 10.1) 26.5 (SD = 11.3) 20.7 (SD = 10.1) <0.001
Attitude score 16.4 (SD = 5.4) 20 (SD = 5.7) 20 (SD = 6.4) 19.6 (SD = 5.9) <0.001
Knowledge score 43.0 (SD = 15.8) 60.1 (SD = 14.5) 67 (SD = 19.2) 59.3 (SD = 14.1) <0.001

Descriptive statistics for the self-reported EBP use, attitude, and knowledge/skills.

Co-efficient EBPQ Subscales

Practice/use (n = 668) Attitude (n = 674) Knowledge/skills (n = 622)
Mean score 23.1 19.5 61.3
Standard deviation 10.7 6.06 17.4
Range 6–54 4–36 14–126
Median 23 20 63

Descriptive statistics for different EBP use, attitude, and knowledge/skill by age, gender, education level, work schedule, and working experience.

Variations EBQ subscale, mean (SD)

Practice Attitude Knowledge
Age
  20–30 23.3 (10.5) 18.9 (5.9) 59.7 (17.3)
  30–40 22.5 (10.5) 20.0 (5.9) 61.9 (15.5)
  >40 25.4 (12.1) 20.3 (6.9) 64.7 (23.3)
  P value (r) 0.438 (0.03) 0.148 (0.05) 0.57 (0.08)
Gender
  Male 22.8 (10.2) 19.2 (5.6) 60.8 (15.8)
  Female 23.4 (11) 19.9 (6.3) 61.4 (18.4)
  P value (χ2) 0.81 0.199 0.558
Education
  12th grade 19.5 (9.7) 15.4 (6.4) 40.2 (17.6)
  14th grade 21.6 (9.4) 19.9 (5.5) 60.6 (13.5)
  BSC 23.4 (11) 19.1 (6.1) 61.6 (14.7)
  MSC 23.7 (10.1) 21.4 (5) 63.9 (17.7)
  PhD 22.1 (9.5) 23.7 (4.4) 69.3 (8.8)
  P value (χ2) 0.438 (0.03) 0.148 (0.05) 0.57 (0.08)
Work schedules
  Full-time 22.9 (10.7) 19.8 (6.0) 61.1 (17.1)
  Part-time 24.0 (9.4) 17.8 (5.8) 60 (18.7)
  P value (χ2) 0.005* 0.293 0.004*
Working experience
  0–5 22.9 (10.5) 19.1 (6) 59 (17)
  6–10 22.7 (10.4) 19.8 (5.8) 61.7 (14.1)
  11–20 24.6 (11.6) 19.8 (5.8) 61.7 (14.1)
  >20 24.6 (11.3) 18.9 (6.5) 58.3 (22.3)
  P value (χ2) 0.384 <0.001 0.033*

Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants (n = 677).

Variables Frequency (Percentage)

Afghanistan Iran Ghana Uganda
Age, years
  20–30 46 (69.7) 103 (45.8) 93 (41.2) 68 (42.5)
  31–40 6 (9.1) 73 (32.4) 127 (56.2) 89 (55.6)
  >40 14 (21.2) 49 (21.8) 6 (2.7) 3 (1.9)
Gender
  Male 39 (59.1) 35 (15.6) 120 (53.1) 86 (53.8)
  Female 26 (39.4) 181 (80.4) 106 (46.9) 74 (46.3)
  None-response 1 (1.5) 9 (4)
Education level
  12th Grade (enrolled) 18 (27.3) 4 (1.8) 2 (0.9) 6 (3.8)
  14th Grade (diploma) 6 (9.1) 4 (1.8) 2 (0.9) 26 (16.3)
  Bachelor 42 (63.6) 199 (88.4) 124 (54.9) 100 (62.5)
  MSc 17 (7.6) 70 (31) 28 (17.5)
  PhD 26 (11.5)
  None-response 1 (0.4) 2 (0.9)
Kind of duties
  Full-time 49 (74.2) 174 (77.3) 101 (44.7) 154 (96.3)
  Part-time 16 (24.2) 26 (11.6) 109 (48.2) 5 (3.1)
  None-response 1 (1.5) 25 (11.1) 16 (7.1) 1 (0.6)
Working experience, years
  0–5 41 (62.1) 92 (40.9) 93 (41.2) 75 (46.9)
  6–10 6 (9.1) 39 (17.3) 127 (56.2) 74 (46.3)
  11–20 2 43 (19.1) 6 (2.7) 11 (6.9)
  >20 17 (3) 51 (22.7)
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