This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–2374.WeissRDziuraJBurgertTSObesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents20043502362237410.1056/NEJMoa031049Search in Google Scholar
Namayandeh SM, Karimi A, Fallahzadeh H, et al. The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus (type II) and its related risk factors: a 10-year longitudinal study of Yazd Healthy Heart Cohort (YHHC). Iran Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2019;13:1437–1441.NamayandehSMKarimiAFallahzadehHThe incidence rate of diabetes mellitus (type II) and its related risk factors: a 10-year longitudinal study of Yazd Healthy Heart Cohort (YHHC)2019131437144110.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.012Search in Google Scholar
Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Early programming of glucose–insulin metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13:368–373.OzanneSEHalesCNEarly programming of glucose–insulin metabolism20021336837310.1016/S1043-2760(02)00666-5Search in Google Scholar
MacPherson M, de Groh M, Loukine L, Prud’homme D, Dubois L. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents: Canadian health measures survey cycle 1 (2007–2009) and cycle 2 (2009–2011). Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2016;36:32–40.MacPhersonMde GrohMLoukineLPrud’hommeDDuboisLPrevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents: Canadian health measures survey cycle 1 (2007–2009) and cycle 2 (2009–2011)201636324010.24095/hpcdp.36.2.03Search in Google Scholar
Faienza MF, Wang DQ H, Frühbeck G, et al. The dangerous link between childhood and adulthood predictors of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11:175–182.FaienzaMFWangDQ HFrühbeckGThe dangerous link between childhood and adulthood predictors of obesity and metabolic syndrome20161117518210.1007/s11739-015-1382-6Search in Google Scholar
Nambiar S, Truby H, Davies PS, Baxter K. Use of the waist-height ratio to predict metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013;49:E281–E287.NambiarSTrubyHDaviesPSBaxterKUse of the waist-height ratio to predict metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents201349E281E28710.1111/jpc.12147Search in Google Scholar
de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents. Circulation. 2004;110:2494–2497.de FerrantiSDGauvreauKLudwigDSNeufeldEJNewburgerJWRifaiNPrevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents20041102494249710.1161/01.CIR.0000145117.40114.C7Search in Google Scholar
Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:427–436.ParkYWZhuSPalaniappanLHeshkaSCarnethonMRHeymsfieldSBThe metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994200316342743610.1001/archinte.163.4.427Search in Google Scholar
Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:821–827.CookSWeitzmanMAuingerPNguyenMDietzWHPrevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994200315782182710.1001/archpedi.157.8.821Search in Google Scholar
Duncan GE, Li SM, Zhou XH. Prevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among U.S. adolescents, 1999–2000. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2438–2443.DuncanGELiSMZhouXHPrevalence and trends of a metabolic syndrome phenotype among U.S. adolescents, 1999–20002004272438244310.2337/diacare.27.10.2438Search in Google Scholar
Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Pearson WS, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents using the definition from the international diabetes federation. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:587–589.FordESLiCZhaoGPearsonWSMokdadAHPrevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents using the definition from the international diabetes federation20083158758910.2337/dc07-1030Search in Google Scholar
Cruz ML, Weigensberg MJ, Huang TT-K, Ball G, Shaibi GQ, Goran MI. The metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth and the role of insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:108–113.CruzMLWeigensbergMJHuangTT-KBallGShaibiGQGoranMIThe metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth and the role of insulin sensitivity20048910811310.1210/jc.2003-031188Search in Google Scholar
Benmohammed K. Metabolic syndrome in adolescents: definition based on regression of IDF adult cut-off point. Public Health. 2016;141:88–94.BenmohammedKMetabolic syndrome in adolescents: definition based on regression of IDF adult cut-off point2016141889410.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.001Search in Google Scholar
Cook WK, Tseng W, Tam C, et al. Ethnic-group socioeconomic status as an indicator of community-level disadvantage: a study of overweight/obesity in Asian American adolescents. Soc Sci Med. 2017;184:15–22.CookWKTsengWTamCEthnic-group socioeconomic status as an indicator of community-level disadvantage: a study of overweight/obesity in Asian American adolescents2017184152210.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.027Search in Google Scholar
Francisco V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Pino J, et al. Adipokines: linking metabolic syndrome, the immune system, and arthritic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;165:196–206.FranciscoVRuiz-FernándezCPinoJAdipokines: linking metabolic syndrome, the immune system, and arthritic diseases201916519620610.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.030Search in Google Scholar
DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ, Morrison JA, et al. Interrelationships between the severity of metabolic syndrome, insulin and adiponectin and their relationship to future type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Int J Obes. 2016;40:1353–1359.DeBoerMDGurkaMJMorrisonJAInterrelationships between the severity of metabolic syndrome, insulin and adiponectin and their relationship to future type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease2016401353135910.1038/ijo.2016.81Search in Google Scholar
Osei K, Gaillard T. Disparities in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk factors in Blacks and Whites: dissecting racial paradox of metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol. 2017;8:1–10.OseiKGaillardTDisparities in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk factors in Blacks and Whites: dissecting racial paradox of metabolic syndrome2017811010.3389/fendo.2017.00204Search in Google Scholar
Soliman HM, Mosaad YO, Ibrahim A. The prevalence and the clinical profile of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2019;13:1723–1732.SolimanHMMosaadYOIbrahimAThe prevalence and the clinical profile of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes2019131723173210.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.036Search in Google Scholar
Belhayara MI, Mellouk Z, Hamdaoui MS, et al. Relationship between the insulin resistance and circulating predictive biochemical markers in metabolic syndrome among young adults in western Algeria. Clin Res Rev. 2019;13:504–509.BelhayaraMIMelloukZHamdaouiMSRelationship between the insulin resistance and circulating predictive biochemical markers in metabolic syndrome among young adults in western Algeria20191350450910.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.019Search in Google Scholar
Nagrani R, Foraita R, Gianfagna F, et al. Common genetic variation in obesity, lipid transfer genes and risk of metabolic syndrome: results from IDEFICS/I. Family study and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:7189–7202.NagraniRForaitaRGianfagnaFCommon genetic variation in obesity, lipid transfer genes and risk of metabolic syndrome: results from IDEFICS/I. Family study and meta-analysis2020107189720210.1038/s41598-020-64031-2Search in Google Scholar
Radetti G, Fanolla A, Grugni G, et al. Indexes of adiposity and body composition in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents: which is the best? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29:1189–1196.RadettiGFanollaAGrugniGIndexes of adiposity and body composition in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents: which is the best?2019291189119610.1016/j.numecd.2019.06.011Search in Google Scholar
Barseem NF, Helwa MA. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance as a predictor of metabolic syndrome: consequences of obesity in children and adolescents. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette. 2015;63:19–23.BarseemNFHelwaMAHomeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance as a predictor of metabolic syndrome: consequences of obesity in children and adolescents201563192310.1016/j.epag.2014.12.001Search in Google Scholar
Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, et al. Obestatin and growth hormone reveal the interaction of central obesity and other cardio metabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep, 2020;10:5495–5505.YuAPUgwuFNTamBTObestatin and growth hormone reveal the interaction of central obesity and other cardio metabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome.2020105495550510.1038/s41598-020-62271-wSearch in Google Scholar
Gaston SA, Tulve NS, Ferguson TF. Abdominal obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2016. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;30:30–36.GastonSATulveNSFergusonTFAbdominal obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2016201930303610.1016/j.annepidem.2018.11.009Search in Google Scholar
Mansyur MA, Bakri S, Patellongi IJ, et al. The association between\metabolic syndrome components, low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Indonesian adolescent male. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019;001:1–6.MansyurMABakriSPatellongiIJThe association between\metabolic syndrome components, low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Indonesian adolescent male20190011610.1016/j.clnesp.2019.12.001Search in Google Scholar
Lin CY, Huang PC, Wu C, et al. Association between urine lead levels and cardiovascular disease risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and young adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;223:248–255.LinCYHuangPCWuCAssociation between urine lead levels and cardiovascular disease risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and young adults202022324825510.1016/j.ijheh.2019.08.005Search in Google Scholar
Aguirre PF, Coca A, Aguirre MF, et al. Waist-to-height ratio and sedentary lifestyle as predictors of metabolic syndrome in children in Ecuador. Hipertensión riesgo vascular, 2018;35:101–109.AguirrePFCocaAAguirreMFWaist-to-height ratio and sedentary lifestyle as predictors of metabolic syndrome in children in Ecuador.20183510110910.1016/j.hipert.2017.09.002Search in Google Scholar