Spatial Autocorrelation of the Gender Pay Gap Indicator Across the Macroregions of the European Union
Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Orcid profile 
Published Online: Jun 10, 2025
Page range: 180 - 200
Received: May 02, 2024
Accepted: Mar 07, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2025-0009
Keywords
© 2025 Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Research background
The unadjusted gender pay gap (GPG) is one of the indicators that measure progress towards SDG5. There is considerable variability in the values of this indicator among the individual countries and regions of the EU. However, due to the effects resulting from the neighbouring economies’ interactions, spatial autocorrelation (SA) should be taken into account when analysing these indicators, especially at the regional level.
Purpose
The main aim of the analysis is the identification of SA of the GPG across the EU countries and macroregions.
Research methodology
The analysis covers Eurostat data from the Structure of Earnings Survey. Global Moran’s
The results
The results show that there is no SA of the GPG in EU countries, but for the macroregions level, are identified regions where this type of autocorrelation does exist. This means that for analysed phenomenon geographical proximity is only relevant in selected areas of the EU. These differences may be due to the uneven distribution of economic activities and related infrastructure, the education and skills of the labour force or population movements. This, in turn, leads directly to different wage levels and different levels of the GPG.
Novelty
Research on the GPG is dominated by approaches that do not take spatial relationships into account. This analysis complements the few studies to date that take into account the SA of the GPG regions across the EU.