Cultural Distances and Its Association to Time Spent on Conflicts

[1]Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn M., 2003. Local Meanings, Global Schooling. Anthropology and World Culture Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Anderson-Levitt Kathryn M. , 2003 . Local Meanings, Global Schooling . Anthropology and World Culture Theory . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Search in Google Scholar

[2]Ascalon, E., Schleicher, Deidra J., Born, M., 2008. Cross-cultural social intelligence. An assessment for employees working in cross-national contexts. In Cross Cultural Management, No. 15 (2), pp. 109–130. Ascalon E. Schleicher Deidra J. Born M. , 2008 . Cross-cultural social intelligence. An assessment for employees working in cross-national contexts . In Cross Cultural Management , No. 15 ( 2 ), pp. 109 – 130 . Search in Google Scholar

[3]Aycan, Z., 2000. Cross-Cultural Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Contributions, Past Developments, and Future Directions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, No. 31 (1), pp. 110–128. Aycan Z. , 2000 . Cross-Cultural Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Contributions, Past Developments, and Future Directions . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , No. 31 ( 1 ), pp. 110 – 128 . Search in Google Scholar

[4]Ayub, N., Jehn, K., 2014. When diversity helps performance. Effects of diversity on conflict and performance in workgroups. International Journal of Conflict Management, No. 25 (2), pp. 189–212. Ayub N. Jehn K. , 2014 . When diversity helps performance. Effects of diversity on conflict and performance in workgroups . International Journal of Conflict Management , No. 25 ( 2 ), pp. 189 – 212 . Search in Google Scholar

[5]Bartusevicius, H., 2014. The inequality-conflict nexus re-examined: Income, education and popular rebellions. Journal of Peace Research, No. 51 (1), pp. 35–50. Bartusevicius H. , 2014 . The inequality-conflict nexus re-examined: Income, education and popular rebellions . Journal of Peace Research , No. 51 ( 1 ), pp. 35 – 50 . Search in Google Scholar

[6]Blalock, H.M., 1967. Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York: Wiley. Blalock H.M. , 1967 . Toward a theory of minority-group relations . New York : Wiley . Search in Google Scholar

[7]Buss, H., 2011. Controlling Conflict Costs: The Business Case of Conflict Management. Journal of the International Ombudsman Association. No. 4 (1). Buss H. , 2011 . Controlling Conflict Costs: The Business Case of Conflict Management . Journal of the International Ombudsman Association . No. 4 ( 1 ). Search in Google Scholar

[8]Byrne, D., 1971. The Attraction Paradigm. New York, NY: Academic Press. Byrne D. , 1971 . The Attraction Paradigm . New York, NY : Academic Press . Search in Google Scholar

[9]Cai, D. A., Fink, E. L., 2002. Conflict Style Differences between Individualists and Collectivists. Communication Monographs No. 69 (1), pp. 67–87. Cai D. A. Fink E. L. , 2002 . Conflict Style Differences between Individualists and Collectivists . Communication Monographs No. 69 ( 1 ), pp. 67 – 87 . Search in Google Scholar

[10]Canen, A. G., Canen, A., 2008. Multicultural leadership. The costs of its absence in organizational conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, No. 19 (1), pp. 4–19. Canen A. G. Canen A. , 2008 . Multicultural leadership. The costs of its absence in organizational conflict management . International Journal of Conflict Management , No. 19 ( 1 ), pp. 4 – 19 . Search in Google Scholar

[11]Caputo, A., Ayoko, O. B., Amoo, N., 2018. The moderating role of cultural intelligence in the relationship betwee cultural orientations and ocnflict management styles. Journal of Business Research, No. 89, pp. 10–20. Caputo A. Ayoko O. B. Amoo N. , 2018 . The moderating role of cultural intelligence in the relationship betwee cultural orientations and ocnflict management styles . Journal of Business Research , No. 89 , pp. 10 – 20 . Search in Google Scholar

[12]Chen, Ya-Ru, Mannix, E. A., Okumura, T., 2003. The importance of who you meet: Effects of self-versus other-concerns among negotiators in the United States, the People’s Republic of China, and Japan. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, No. 39 (1), pp. 1–15. Chen Ya-Ru Mannix E. A. Okumura T. , 2003 . The importance of who you meet: Effects of self-versus other-concerns among negotiators in the United States, the People’s Republic of China, and Japan . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , No. 39 ( 1 ), pp. 1 – 15 . Search in Google Scholar

[13]Choi, Hoon-Seok, Levine, J. M., 2004. Minority influence in work teams: The impact of newcomers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology No. 40 (2), pp. 273–280. Choi Hoon-Seok Levine J. M. , 2004 . Minority influence in work teams: The impact of newcomers . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology No. 40 ( 2 ), pp. 273 – 280 . Search in Google Scholar

[14]CIPD, 2011. Conflict Management. Available online at https://www.iidmglobal.com/downloads/blog/Conflict_Management_Survey.pdf, CIPD , 2011 . Conflict Management . Available online at https://www.iidmglobal.com/downloads/blog/Conflict_Management_Survey.pdf, Search in Google Scholar

[15]Conbere, J., 2000. Designing conflict management systems to resolve workplace conflicts. Journal of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Employment, No. 2 (3), pp. 30–36. Conbere J. , 2000 . Designing conflict management systems to resolve workplace conflicts . Journal of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Employment , No. 2 ( 3 ), pp. 30 – 36 . Search in Google Scholar

[16]Cramer, C., 2003. Does Inequality cause conflict?. Journal of International Development, No. 15, pp. 397–412. Cramer C. , 2003 . Does Inequality cause conflict? . Journal of International Development , No. 15 , pp. 397 – 412 . Search in Google Scholar

[17]De Dreu, Carsten, K. W., De Vries, Nanne K., Gordijn, E. H., Schuurman, M. S., 1999. Convergent and divergent processing of majority and minority arguments: effects on focal and related attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology No. 29 (2-3), pp. 329–348. De Dreu Carsten K. W. De Vries Nanne K. Gordijn E. H. Schuurman M. S. , 1999 . Convergent and divergent processing of majority and minority arguments: effects on focal and related attitudes . European Journal of Social Psychology No. 29 ( 2-3 ), pp. 329 – 348 . Search in Google Scholar

[18]De Dreu, Carsten K. W., Weingart, L. R., 2003. Task versus Relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, No. 88 (4), pp. 741–749. De Dreu Carsten K. W. Weingart L. R. , 2003 . Task versus Relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , No. 88 ( 4 ), pp. 741 – 749 . Search in Google Scholar

[19]Dirrler, P., Podruzsik, S., 2022. Companies can lose time over conflicts: An analysis of internal indirect conflict costs. Business: Theory and Practice No. 23 (2), pp. 288–301. Dirrler P. Podruzsik S. , 2022 . Companies can lose time over conflicts: An analysis of internal indirect conflict costs . Business: Theory and Practice No. 23 ( 2 ), pp. 288 – 301 . Search in Google Scholar

[20]Doucet, L., Jehn, K. A., Weldon, E., Chen, X., Wang, Z., 2009. Cross-cultural differences in conflict management. An inductive study of Chinese and American managers. International Journal of Conflict Management, No. 20 (4), pp. 355–376. Doucet L. Jehn K. A. Weldon E. Chen X. Wang Z. , 2009 . Cross-cultural differences in conflict management. An inductive study of Chinese and American managers . International Journal of Conflict Management , No. 20 ( 4 ), pp. 355 – 376 . Search in Google Scholar

[21]Dressler, D., Carns, D. E., 1969. Sociology: the study of human interaction. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. Dressler D. Carns D. E. , 1969 . Sociology: the study of human interaction . Yarmouth, ME : Intercultural Press . Search in Google Scholar

[22]Drogendijk, R., Slangen, A., 2006. Hofstede, Schwartz, or managerial perceptions? The effects of different cultural distance measures on establishment mode choices by multinational enterprises. International Business Review, No. 15, pp. 361–380. Drogendijk R. Slangen A. , 2006 . Hofstede, Schwartz, or managerial perceptions? The effects of different cultural distance measures on establishment mode choices by multinational enterprises . International Business Review , No. 15 , pp. 361 – 380 . Search in Google Scholar

[23]Freres, M., 2013. Financial Costs of Workplace Conflict. Journal of International Ombudsman Association, No. 6 (2), pp. 83–94. Freres M. , 2013 . Financial Costs of Workplace Conflict . Journal of International Ombudsman Association , No. 6 ( 2 ), pp. 83 – 94 . Search in Google Scholar

[24]Friedman, R., Shu-Cheng, Chi, Leigh, A. L., 2006. An expectancy model of Chinese-American differences in conflict-avoiding. Journal of International Business Studies. No. 37 (1), pp. 76–91. Friedman R. Chi Shu-Cheng Leigh A. L. , 2006 . An expectancy model of Chinese-American differences in conflict-avoiding . Journal of International Business Studies . No. 37 ( 1 ), pp. 76 – 91 . Search in Google Scholar

[25]Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., Aycan, Z., 2007. Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, No. 58, pp. 479–514. Gelfand M. J. Erez M. Aycan Z. , 2007 . Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior . Annual Review of Psychology , No. 58 , pp. 479 – 514 . Search in Google Scholar

[26]Harris, G., 2008. If your only tool is a hammer, any issue will look like a nail’: building conflict resolution and mediation capacity in South African universities. Higher Education, No. 55, pp. 93-101. Harris G. , 2008 . If your only tool is a hammer, any issue will look like a nail’: building conflict resolution and mediation capacity in South African universities . Higher Education , No. 55 , pp. 93 - 101 . Search in Google Scholar

[27]Harrison, D. A., Klein, K. J., 2007. What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review. No. 32 (4), pp. 1199–1228. Harrison D. A. Klein K. J. , 2007 . What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations . Academy of Management Review . No. 32 ( 4 ), pp. 1199 – 1228 . Search in Google Scholar

[28]Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., Gavin, J. H., Florey, A. T., 2002. Time, Teams, and Task Performance: Changing Effects of Surface- and Deep-Level Diversity on Group Functioning. The Academy of Management Journal. 45 (5), pp. 1029–1045. Harrison D. A. Price K. H. Gavin J. H. Florey A. T. , 2002 . Time, Teams, and Task Performance: Changing Effects of Surface- and Deep-Level Diversity on Group Functioning . The Academy of Management Journal . 45 ( 5 ), pp. 1029 – 1045 . Search in Google Scholar

[29]Hofstede, G., 1980. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Hofstede G. , 1980 . Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values . Beverly Hills : Sage Publications . Search in Google Scholar

[30]Hofstede, G., 2006. What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers’ minds versus respondents’ minds. Journal of International Business Studies. No. 37 (6), pp. 882–896. Hofstede G. , 2006 . What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers’ minds versus respondents’ minds . Journal of International Business Studies . No. 37 ( 6 ), pp. 882 – 896 . Search in Google Scholar

[31]Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., 2005. Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede G. Hofstede G. J. , 2005 . Cultures and organizations: software of the mind . New York : McGraw-Hill . Search in Google Scholar

[32]Hofstede, G. H., 2001. Culture’s consequences. Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations / Geert Hofstede. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London: SAGE. Hofstede G. H. , 2001 . Culture’s consequences. Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations / Geert Hofstede . 2nd ed . Thousand Oaks, Calif., London : SAGE . Search in Google Scholar

[33]House, R. J., Hanges, P.J., Mansour, J., Gupta, V., Dorfman, P. W., 2004. Culture, leadership, and organizations. The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, London: SAGE. House R. J. Hanges P.J. Mansour J. Gupta V. Dorfman P. W. , 2004 . Culture, leadership, and organizations . The GLOBE study of 62 societies . Thousand Oaks, London : SAGE . Search in Google Scholar

[34]Hutzschenreuter, T., Voll, J. C., 2008. Performance Effects of “Added Cultural Distance” in the Path of International Expansion: The Case of German Multinational Enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies. No. 39 (1), pp. 53–70. Hutzschenreuter T. Voll J. C. , 2008 . Performance Effects of “Added Cultural Distance” in the Path of International Expansion: The Case of German Multinational Enterprises . Journal of International Business Studies . No. 39 ( 1 ), pp. 53 – 70 . Search in Google Scholar

[35]Jehn, K., Bendersky, C., 2003. Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship. Research in Organizational Behavior, No. 25, pp. 187–242. Jehn K. Bendersky C. , 2003 . Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship . Research in Organizational Behavior , No. 25 , pp. 187 – 242 . Search in Google Scholar

[36]Jehn, K. A., Greer, L. L., Rupert, J., 2008. Diversity, conflict, and their consequences. Cambridge University Press, pp. 127–174. Jehn K. A. Greer L. L. Rupert J. , 2008 . Diversity, conflict, and their consequences . Cambridge University Press , pp. 127 – 174 . Search in Google Scholar

[37]Jones, T. M., Felps, W., Bigley, G. A., 2007. Ethical theory and stakeholder-related decisions: The role of stakeholder culture. Academy of Management Review. No. 32 (1), pp. 137–155. Jones T. M. Felps W. Bigley G. A. , 2007 . Ethical theory and stakeholder-related decisions: The role of stakeholder culture . Academy of Management Review . No. 32 ( 1 ), pp. 137 – 155 . Search in Google Scholar

[38]Kanter, R., 1977. Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology. No. 82, pp. 965–990. Kanter R. , 1977 . Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women . American Journal of Sociology . No. 82 , pp. 965 – 990 . Search in Google Scholar

[39]Katz, N. H., Flynn, L. T., 2013. Understanding Conflict Management Systems and Strategies in the Workplace: A Pilot Study. Conflict Resolution Quarterly. No.30 (4), pp. 393–410. Katz N. H. Flynn L. T. , 2013 . Understanding Conflict Management Systems and Strategies in the Workplace: A Pilot Study . Conflict Resolution Quarterly . No. 30 ( 4 ), pp. 393 – 410 . Search in Google Scholar

[40]Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., Gibson, C. B., 2006. A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies. No. 37, pp. 285–320. Kirkman B. L. Lowe K. B. Gibson C. B. , 2006 . A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework . Journal of International Business Studies . No. 37 , pp. 285 – 320 . Search in Google Scholar

[41]Kluckhohn, F. R., 1951. Cultural factors in social work practice and education. Social Service Review. No.25 (1). Kluckhohn F. R. , 1951 . Cultural factors in social work practice and education . Social Service Review . No. 25 ( 1 ). Search in Google Scholar

[42]Kogut, B., Singh, H., 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies. pp. 411–432. Kogut B. Singh H. , 1988 . The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode . Journal of International Business Studies . pp. 411 – 432 . Search in Google Scholar

[43]Kreisman, B., 2002. Insights into employee motivation, commitment and retention. In Business Training Experts. Available online at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.582.5654&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Kreisman B. , 2002 . Insights into employee motivation, commitment and retention . In Business Training Experts . Available online at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.582.5654&rep=rep1&type=pdf . Search in Google Scholar

[44]Kuriakose, V., Sreejesh, S., Heerah, J., Anusree, M.R., Shelly, J., 2019. Process conflict and employee well-being. International Journal of Conflict Management. No. 30 (4), pp. 462–489. Kuriakose V. Sreejesh S. Heerah J. Anusree M.R. Shelly J. , 2019 . Process conflict and employee well-being . International Journal of Conflict Management . No. 30 ( 4 ), pp. 462 – 489 . Search in Google Scholar

[45]Mangundjaya, W., 2018. Uncertainty Avoidance, Culture, and People’s Reaction to Conflict. UI Proceedings on Social Sciences and Humanities. No 2, pp. 114–119. Mangundjaya W. , 2018 . Uncertainty Avoidance, Culture, and People’s Reaction to Conflict . UI Proceedings on Social Sciences and Humanities . No 2 , pp. 114 – 119 . Search in Google Scholar

[46]Mannix, E., Neale, M. A., 2005. What Differences Make a Difference?: The Promise and Reality of Diverse Teams in Organizations. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, No. 6 (2), pp. 31–55. Mannix E. Neale M. A. , 2005 . What Differences Make a Difference?: The Promise and Reality of Diverse Teams in Organizations . Psychological Science in the Public Interest , No. 6 ( 2 ), pp. 31 – 55 . Search in Google Scholar

[47]Marineau, J. E., Hood, A. C., Labianca, G., 2018. Multiplex Conflict: Examining the Effects of Overrlapping Task and Relationship Conflict on Advice Seeking in Organizations. Journal of Business and Psychology. No. 33, pp. 595–610. Marineau J. E. Hood A. C. Labianca G. , 2018 . Multiplex Conflict: Examining the Effects of Overrlapping Task and Relationship Conflict on Advice Seeking in Organizations . Journal of Business and Psychology . No. 33 , pp. 595 – 610 . Search in Google Scholar

[48]Martin, G. C., 2014. The Effects of Cultural Diversity in the Workplace. Journal of Diversity Management. No. 9 (2), pp. 89–91. Martin G. C. , 2014 . The Effects of Cultural Diversity in the Workplace . Journal of Diversity Management . No. 9 ( 2 ), pp. 89 – 91 . Search in Google Scholar

[49]McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Realo, A., Allik, J., 2008. Interpreting GLOBE Societal Practices Scales. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. No. 39 (6), pp. 805–810. McCrae R. R. Terracciano A. Realo A. Allik J. , 2008 . Interpreting GLOBE Societal Practices Scales . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . No. 39 ( 6 ), pp. 805 – 810 . Search in Google Scholar

[50]Mc Sweeney, B., 2002. Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith - a failure of analysis. Human Relations. No.55 (1), 89-118. Mc Sweeney B. , 2002 . Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith - a failure of analysis . Human Relations . No. 55 ( 1 ), 89 - 118 . Search in Google Scholar

[51]Minkov, M., Blagoev, V., 2012. What do Project GLOBE’s cultural dimensions reflect? An empirical perspective. Asia Pacific Business Review. No. 18 (1), pp. 27–43. Minkov M. Blagoev V. , 2012 . What do Project GLOBE’s cultural dimensions reflect? An empirical perspective . Asia Pacific Business Review . No. 18 ( 1 ), pp. 27 – 43 . Search in Google Scholar

[52]Moscovici, S., 1976. Social Influence and Social Change. London: Academic Press. Moscovici S. , 1976 . Social Influence and Social Change . London : Academic Press . Search in Google Scholar

[53]Mulder, M., 1977. The Daily Power Game: Springer US. Mulder M. , 1977 . The Daily Power Game : Springer US . Search in Google Scholar

[54]Murtha, R., 2005. Workplace conflicts challenge businesses. Fairfield County Business Journal, p. 42. Murtha R. , 2005 . Workplace conflicts challenge businesses . Fairfield County Business Journal , p. 42 . Search in Google Scholar

[55]Ohmae, K., 1990. The borderless world: Power and strategy in the global marketplace. London: Collis. Ohmae K. , 1990 . The borderless world: Power and strategy in the global marketplace . London : Collis . Search in Google Scholar

[56]OPP and CIPD., 2008. fight, fight or face it? celebrating the effective management of conflict at work. Available online at https://eu.themyers-briggs.com/-/media/10e61ce66e29407080ef0caf9f3dc846.ashx. OPP and CIPD ., 2008 . fight, fight or face it? celebrating the effective management of conflict at work . Available online at https://eu.themyers-briggs.com/-/media/10e61ce66e29407080ef0caf9f3dc846.ashx . Search in Google Scholar

[57]Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., Kemmelmeier, M., 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and metaanalyses. Psychological Bulletin. No. 128 (1), pp. 3–72. Oyserman D. Coon H. M. Kemmelmeier M. , 2002 . Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and metaanalyses . Psychological Bulletin . No. 128 ( 1 ), pp. 3 – 72 . Search in Google Scholar

[58]Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M., Xin, K. R., 1999a. Exploring the Black Box: An Analysis of Work Group Diversity, Conflict and Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly. No. 44, pp. 1–28. Pelled L. H. Eisenhardt K. M. Xin K. R. , 1999a . Exploring the Black Box: An Analysis of Work Group Diversity, Conflict and Performance . Administrative Science Quarterly . No. 44 , pp. 1 – 28 . Search in Google Scholar

[59]Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M., Xin, K. R., 1999b. Exploring the Black Box: An Analysis of Work Group Diversity, Conflict and Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly. No. 44, pp. 1–28. Pelled L. H. Eisenhardt K. M. Xin K. R. , 1999b . Exploring the Black Box: An Analysis of Work Group Diversity, Conflict and Performance . Administrative Science Quarterly . No. 44 , pp. 1 – 28 . Search in Google Scholar

[60]Porath, Ch., Pearson, Ch., 2009. How Toxic Colleagues Corrode Performance. Harvard Business Review. No. 87 (4), p. 24. Porath Ch. Pearson Ch. , 2009 . How Toxic Colleagues Corrode Performance . Harvard Business Review . No. 87 ( 4 ), p. 24 . Search in Google Scholar

[61]Sackmann, S. A., Phillips, M. E., 2004. Contextual Influences on Culture Research: Shifting Assumptions for New Workplace Realities. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. No. 4 (3), pp. 370–390. Sackmann S. A. Phillips M. E. , 2004 . Contextual Influences on Culture Research: Shifting Assumptions for New Workplace Realities . International Journal of Cross Cultural Management . No. 4 ( 3 ), pp. 370 – 390 . Search in Google Scholar

[62]Schwartz, S. H., 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In: M. P. Zanna (Ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. No. 25, pp. 1–66. Schwartz S. H. , 1992 . Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries . In: Zanna M. P. (Ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . No. 25 , pp. 1 – 66 . Search in Google Scholar

[63]Schwartz, S. H., 1994. Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In: U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi & G. Yoon Eds. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, methods, and applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Schwartz S. H. , 1994 . Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values . In: Kim U. Triandis H. C. Kagitcibasi C. Choi S. C. & Yoon G. Eds. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, methods, and applications (pp. 85 - 119 ). Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications . Search in Google Scholar

[64]Schwartz, S. H., 1999. A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review. No. 48 (1), pp. 12–47. Schwartz S. H. , 1999 . A theory of cultural values and some implications for work . Applied Psychology: An International Review . No. 48 ( 1 ), pp. 12 – 47 . Search in Google Scholar

[65]Shenkar, O., 2001. Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences. Journal of International Business Studies. No. 32 (3), pp. 519–535. Shenkar O. , 2001 . Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences . Journal of International Business Studies . No. 32 ( 3 ), pp. 519 – 535 . Search in Google Scholar

[66]Slaikeu, K. A., Hasson, R. H., 1998. Controlling the costs of conflict. How to design a system for your organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Slaikeu K. A. Hasson R. H. , 1998 . Controlling the costs of conflict . How to design a system for your organization . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass . Search in Google Scholar

[67]Smith, P. B., 2003. Meeting the challenge of cultural difference. In Tjosvold, D., Leung, K. (Eds), Cross-cultural management: Foundations and future (pp. 59-72). In Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. Smith P. B. , 2003 . Meeting the challenge of cultural difference . In Tjosvold D. Leung K. (Eds), Cross-cultural management: Foundations and future (pp. 59 - 72 ). In Aldershot, UK : Ashgate . Search in Google Scholar

[68]Sondergaard, M., 1994. Research Note: Hofstede’s Consequences: A Study of Reviews, Citations and Replications. Organization Studies. No. 15 (3), pp. 447–456. Sondergaard M. , 1994 . Research Note: Hofstede’s Consequences: A Study of Reviews, Citations and Replications . Organization Studies . No. 15 ( 3 ), pp. 447 – 456 . Search in Google Scholar

[69]Steenkamp, J.-B., 2001. The role of national culture in international marketing research. International Marketing Review. No. 18 (1), pp. 30–44. Steenkamp J.-B. , 2001 . The role of national culture in international marketing research . International Marketing Review . No. 18 ( 1 ), pp. 30 – 44 . Search in Google Scholar

[70]Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., 1986. The social identity of intergroup behavior. In Worchel, S. and Austin, W. (Eds), Psychology and Intergroup Relations, pp. 7–24. Tajfel H. Turner J. C. , 1986 . The social identity of intergroup behavior . In Worchel S. and Austin W. (Eds), Psychology and Intergroup Relations , pp. 7 – 24 . Search in Google Scholar

[71]Thomas, K. W., Schmidt, W. H., 1976. A Survey of Managerial Interests with Respect to Conflict. The Academy of Management Journal, No. 19 (2), pp. 315–318. Thomas K. W. Schmidt W. H. , 1976 . A Survey of Managerial Interests with Respect to Conflict . The Academy of Management Journal , No. 19 ( 2 ), pp. 315 – 318 . Search in Google Scholar

[72]Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S., Ou, A. Yi, 2007. Cross-National, Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior Research: Advances, Gaps, and Recommendations. Journal of Management, No. 33 (3), pp. 426–478. Tsui A. S. Nifadkar S. Ou A. Yi , 2007 . Cross-National, Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior Research: Advances, Gaps, and Recommendations . Journal of Management , No. 33 ( 3 ), pp. 426 – 478 . Search in Google Scholar

[73]Tung, R. L., Verbeke, A., 2010. Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the quality of cross-cultural research. Journal of International Business Studies, No. 41, pp. 1259–1274. Tung R. L. Verbeke A. , 2010 . Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the quality of cross-cultural research . Journal of International Business Studies , No. 41 , pp. 1259 – 1274 . Search in Google Scholar

[74]Vander Pal, G., Ko, V. S. C., 2014. An Overview of Global Leadership: Ethics, Values, Cultural Diversity and Conflicts. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics. No. 11 (3), pp. 166–175. Vander Pal G. Ko V. S. C. , 2014 . An Overview of Global Leadership: Ethics, Values, Cultural Diversity and Conflicts . Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics . No. 11 ( 3 ), pp. 166 – 175 . Search in Google Scholar

[75]Velten, L., Lashley, C., 2018. The meaning of cultural diversity among staff as it pertains to employee motivation. Research in Hospitality Management. No. 7 (2), pp. 105–133. Velten L. Lashley C. , 2018 . The meaning of cultural diversity among staff as it pertains to employee motivation . Research in Hospitality Management . No. 7 ( 2 ), pp. 105 – 133 . Search in Google Scholar

[76]Vodosek, M., 2005. Cultural diversity, intragroup conflict, and group outcomes: Evidence for a mediated relationship. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper. Vodosek M. , 2005 . Cultural diversity, intragroup conflict, and group outcomes: Evidence for a mediated relationship . Academy of Management Best Conference Paper . Search in Google Scholar

[77]Vodosek, M., 2007. Intragroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management. No. 18 (4), pp. 345–375. Vodosek M. , 2007 . Intragroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group outcomes . International Journal of Conflict Management . No. 18 ( 4 ), pp. 345 – 375 . Search in Google Scholar

[78]Werner, S., 2002. Recent Developments in International Management Research: A Review of 20 Top Management Journals. Journal of Management, No. 28 (3), pp. 277–305. Werner S. , 2002 . Recent Developments in International Management Research: A Review of 20 Top Management Journals . Journal of Management , No. 28 ( 3 ), pp. 277 – 305 . Search in Google Scholar

[79]Williams, K. Y., O’Reilly, Ch. A. III., 1998. Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. Research in Organizational Behavior. No. 20, pp. 77–140. Williams K. Y. O’Reilly Ch. A. III ., 1998 . Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research . Research in Organizational Behavior . No. 20 , pp. 77 – 140 . Search in Google Scholar

[80]Wit, F. R.C., de Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A., 2012. The Paradox of Intragroup Conflict: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, No. 97 (2), pp. 360–390. Wit F. R.C. de Greer L. L. Jehn K. A. , 2012 . The Paradox of Intragroup Conflict: A Meta-Analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , No. 97 ( 2 ), pp. 360 – 390 . Search in Google Scholar

[81]Xiumei, S., Jinying, W., 2011. Cultural Distance between China and US across GLOBE Model and Hofstede Model. International Business and Management. No.2 (1), pp. 11–17. Xiumei S. Jinying W. , 2011 . Cultural Distance between China and US across GLOBE Model and Hofstede Model . International Business and Management . No. 2 ( 1 ), pp. 11 – 17 . Search in Google Scholar