Forest shelter belts in organic agricultural landscape: structure of biodiversity and their ecological role

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Figure 5

The structure of life forms of the FSB grass tier

Signs forms of life	Life forms	Number, individuals	Share of all herbaceous plants on TP,%
Life cycle duration	Annuals	40	50.6
	Perennials	39	49.4
The structure of aboveground shoots	Creeping	5	5.8
	Rosette	16	20.1
	Without rosette	54	70.7
	Turf	3	2.3
	Creepers (climbing)	1	1.1
The structure of underground shoots	Long-rhizome	20	24.1
	Short-rhizome	16	19.3
	Without formations	40	48.2
	Bunch-root	7	8.4
Type of root system	Taproot	65	63.7
	Fibrous root	37	36.3
Type of vegetative mobility	Vegetatively mobile	20	26.3
	Vegetatively sedentary	13	16.2
	Vegetatively immobile	46	57.5
Climamorphs (Raunkier life forms)	Phanerophytes	1	1.4
	Hamephytes	2	2.5
	Therophytes	31	39.2
	Hemicryptophytes	34	41.4
	Geophytes	12	15.5
Ratio	Therophytes/Geophytes	–	2.4
	ITG, c.u.	–	–0.4
Heliomorphs	Heliophytes	61	74.4
	Scioheliophytes	19	23.2
	Sciophytes	2	2.4
Cenomorphs (by Belgard)	Silvants	18	18.4
	Pratants	15	13.1
	Stepants	8	7.5
	Ruderants	40	36.5
	Adventives	32	24.5
	of which nitrophils (%)	15	14.7

Systematic structure of FSB dendroflora

Classes and species	Number of species	Share of species (%)
Division Pinophyta
Pinaceae	1	3.2
Division Magnoliophyta
Aceraceae	2	6.5
Adoxaceae	1	3.1
Betulaceae	1	3.2
Cornaceae	1	3.2
Fabaceae	3	9.7
Juglandaceae	2	6.5
Oleaceae	3	9.7
Rosaceae	8	29
Salicaceae	4	12.9
Ulmaceae	3	9.7
Vitáceae	1	3.3
Total	30	100.0

Distribution and status of birds nesting in FSB (pairs/ha)

Species	№ FSB				Protected categories
	1	2	3	4
Milvus migrans Boddaert		0.3			Bk2; Bo1,2; W2, RBU
Columba palumbus L.			1.7		–
Streptopelia turtur L.			3.3		Bk3
Cuculus canorus L.		0.3			Bk3
Lanius collurio L.		0.6			Bk2
Lanius minor Gmelin		0.3			Bk2
Oriolus oriolus L.		0.3	1.7		Bk2
Sturnus vulgaris L.		1.7	1.7		–
Sylvia atricapilla L.	1.3	0.6		3.3	Bk2
Sylvia borin Boddaert		1.4			Bk2
Sylvia communis Latham		0.3	1.7		Bk2
Phylloscopus collybita Vieillot	0.6	0.6	3.3		Bk2
Phylloscopus sibilatrix Bechstein		0.3			Bk2
Ficedula albicollis Temminck		0.6			Bk2; Bo2
Muscicapa striata Pallas		0.3	1.7		Bk2; Bo2
Phoenicurus phoenicurus L.	0.6	0.3			Bk2; Bo2
Erithacus rubecula L.	0.6	0.9	5.0	3.3	Bk2; Bo2
Luscinia luscinia L.	0.6	1.7			Bk2; Bo2
Turdus merula L.		1.7	5.0		Bk2; Bo2
Turdus philomelos C.L. Brehm	0.6	0.6	1.7		Bk2; Bo2
Parus caeruleus L.	0.6	0.9	3.3		Bk2
Parus major L.	1.9	2.9	5		Bk2
Sitta europaea L.	1.9	0.6	3.3		Bk2
Certhia familiaris L.		0.6	3.3		Bk2
Passer montanus L.		1.4	1.7		Bk3
Fringilla coelebs L.	1.3	2.3		3.3	Bk3
Carduelis carduelis L.		0.3			Bk2
Acanthis cannabina L.		0.3			Bk2
Emberiza citrinella L.		1.1			Bk2

Comparative spectra of leading families of different flora

Family	The place of the family in the flora
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Asteraceae	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Poaceae	2	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
Fabaceae	3	2	4	4	4	–	3	3
Brassicaceae	9	5	2	6	3	3	5	4
Caryophyllaceae	18	6	9	5	5	4	4	6
Lamiaceae	6	8	5	7	5	7	2	5
Apiaceae	10	10	6	11	7	5	12	9
Cyperaceae	4	11	–	10	–	–	+	11
Rosaceae	8	4	–	3	7	–	11	7
Chenopodiaceae	19	–	7	18	8	+	+	12
Scоrphulariaceae	5	7	8	9	8	+	4	10
Boraginaceae	16	–	10	12	6	–	–	13
Ranunculaceae	17	9	–	14	8	+	3	8
Poligonaceae	25	–	–	14	4	5	4	15
Euphorbiaceae	12	–	–	16	6	5	+	+
Convolvulaceae	+	–	+	–	8	5	–	-
Geraniaceae	+	+	+	–	6	5	–	-
Urticaceae	–	+	–	+	6	6	+	-
Violaceae	–	–	–	+	–	6	+	+
Plantaginaceae	–	–	–	–	7	7	+	14
Papaveraceae	–	–	–	–	7	–	–	–
Oxalidaceae	–	–	–	–	7	–	–	–
Equisetaceae	–	–	–	–	7	–	–	–

Assessment and sanitary characteristics of field protective forest shelter belts around the organic experimental fields (Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS of Ukraine)

No FSB, trial plots (TP) – sections (C), placement relative to organic fields	FSB construction	Number of rows of tree species, pieces	Species composition		FSB parameters, m		Density of canopy*	Plantation condition
			main tent	undergrowtli and understorey	H	B		Ic	sanitary	forestry
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
FSB No 1, TP1, west side of the field	two-tier, dense	4	main speices – Fraxinus excelsior L.; accompanying – Ulmus laevis Pall., Populus nigra L., P. laurifolia Ledeb., Robinia pseudoacacia L., F. excelsior, Ulmus laevis Pall., U. minor Mill.; invasive – Jugions regia L., Populus tremula L., Acer negundo L.	UNDERGROWTH: A. negundo, Acer pseudoplatanus L., U. minor, F. excelsior, J. regia, Malus domestica Borkh.; UNDERSTOREY: Prunus serotina Ehrh., Sambucus nigra L.,Ligustmm vulgare L. Crataegus monogyna JACQ., Padus avium Mill.	17.4	20.0	0.58	2.43	weakened	good, TPC –38.1%
FSB No 2, TP2, north side of the field	three-tier, dense	7**	main speices – Populus nigra L.; accompanying – P. laurifolia, Ouercus robur L., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, U. laevis; invasive – R. pseudoacacia, Cerasus avium (L.) Moench, J. regia, A. negundo	UNDERGROWTH: R. pseudacacia, Q. robur, C. avium, F. excelsior, A. negundo; UNDERSTOREY: S. nigra, Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., P. serotino, Padus avium Mill., Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz., Ligustrum vulgare L.	24.3	35.0**	0.81	2.28	weakened	good, TPC –25.6%
FSB No 3, TP3, east side of the field	one-tier, dense	2	main speices – P. laurifolia; accompanying – Q. robur, F. pennsylvanica, F. excelsior, U. laevis; invasive – Q. rubra L.,Pyrus communi s L., J. regia, A. negundo, P. tremula, C. avium	UNDERGROWTH: Q. robur, F. excelsior, LF. laevis, P. communis, J. cinerea L., M. domestica, C. avium, A negundo; UNDERSTOREY: Sorbus aucupariaL.,P. serotino, S. nigra, S. sanguinea, Cerasus vulgaris Mill., L. vulgare, Rosa canina L.	22.6	16.0	0.72	2.23	weakened	good, TPC –31.2%
FSB No 4, TP4-C1 south side of the field	dense	3	main speices – U. minor, accompanying – F. excelsior, invasive – R. pseudoacacia, A. negundo, J. regia	UNDERGROWTH: J. regia, A. negundo, C. avium, M. domestica; UNDERSTOREY: P. serotino, Salix caprea L., S. sanguinea (L.) Opiz., S. nigra, C. monogyna	14.2	12.0	0.62	1.48	healthy	good, TPC – 17.6%
FSB No 4, TP4-C2 south side of the field	wind-per- meable, there are gaps in the forest belt up to 20 m wide	1	main speices – U. laevis; invasive – J. regia, A. negundo, R. pseudoacacia, S. caprea	UNDERGROWTH: Al. domestica, J. regia, A. negundo, P. communis, C. monogyna; UNDERSTOREY: P. serotino, S. nigra, L. vulgare, S. caprea, S. sanguinea	12.5	4.0	0.51	1.42	healthy	satisfactory, the stand is liquefied, TPC –42.8%
FSB No 4, TP4-C3 south side of the field	semi- permeable	2	main speices – F. excelsior, accompanying – Acer pseudoplatanus L., U. minor, invasive – R. pseudoacacia, J. regia, A. negundo, S. caprea	UNDERGROWTH: P. communis, J. regia, A. C. negundo, avium, M. domestica; UNDERSTOREY: P. serotino, S. caprea, C. monogyna, P. avium, Rubus caesius L.	13.4	8.0	0.55	1.37	healthy	satisfactory, the stand is liquefied, TPC –26.4%

The structure of bio- and ecomorphs of FSB dendroflora

Factors	Life form	Share of species, %
Biomorphs by IG Serebryakov (1962)	trees	77.4
	shrubs	21.3
	lianas	1.3
Type of vegetative mobility	vegetatively sedentary	38.6
	vegetatively immobile	32.3
	vegetatively mobile	29.1
Heliomorphs	heliophytes	64.5
	scioheliophytes	6.5
	heliosciophytes	29.0
Hydromorphs	xeromesophytes	9.7
	mesohygrophytes	3.2
	mesoxerophytes	12.9
	mesophytes	74.2
Trophomorphs	megatrophs	12.9
	mesotrophs	80.6
	oligotrophs	6.5
	of which nitrophils	16.1

The structure of bio- and ecomorphs of FSB wood nitrophils

Species	Biomorph	Cenomorph	Trophomorph	Hygromorph
Acer negundo L.	tree	Ru, @	MgTr	Ms
Sambucus nigra L.	bush	Sil	MgTr	Ms
Swida sanguineа (L.) Opiz.	bush	Sil	MgTr	Ms
Rubus caesius L.	bush	Sil	MgTr	MsHg
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.	liana	Sil, @	MsTr	Ms