Open Access

An Artificial Intelligence Competency Framework for Teachers and Students: Co-created With Teachers

,  and   
Nov 29, 2024

Cite
Download Cover

Akter, S., McCarthy, G., Sajib, S., Michael, K., Dwivedi, Y. K., D’Ambra, J., & Shen, K. N. (2021). Algorithmic bias in data-driven innovation in the age of AI. International Journal of Information Management, 60, 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijinfomgt.2021.102387 Akter S. McCarthy G. Sajib S. Michael K. Dwivedi Y. K. D’Ambra J. Shen K. N. ( 2021 ). Algorithmic bias in data-driven innovation in the age of AI . International Journal of Information Management , 60 , 102387 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102387

Amiel, T., & Reeves, T. C. (2008). Design-based research and educational technology: Rethinking technology and the research agenda. Educational Technology & Society, 11(4), 29–40. Amiel T. Reeves T. C. ( 2008 ). Design-based research and educational technology: Rethinking technology and the research agenda . Educational Technology & Society , 11 ( 4 ), 29 40 . Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Anderson T. Shattuck J. ( 2012 ). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher , 41 ( 1 ), 16 25 . https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Search in Google Scholar

Baker, R. S., & Smith, L. B. (2019). Improving the effectiveness of digital educational games: The effects of a games-based learning management system. Interactive Learning Environments, 27(5–6), 704–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/104948 20.2018.1541910 Baker R. S. Smith L. B. ( 2019 ). Improving the effectiveness of digital educational games: The effects of a games-based learning management system . Interactive Learning Environments , 27 ( 5–6 ), 704 720 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1541910 Search in Google Scholar

Bloom, B. S. (Ed.). (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. David McKay Company. Bloom B. S. (Ed.)., ( 1956 ). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals . Handbook I: Cognitive Domain . David McKay Company . Search in Google Scholar

Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press. Bostrom N. ( 2014 ). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies . Oxford University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking. Harvard Business Review, 86(6), 84–92. Brown T. ( 2008 ). Design thinking . Harvard Business Review , 86 ( 6 ), 84 92 . Search in Google Scholar

Cahane, A., & Shwartz-Altshuler, T. (2023). Human, machine, state: Towards the regulation of artificial intelligence. The Israel Democracy Institute. https://www.idi.org.il/media/21222/human-machine-state.pdf Cahane A. Shwartz-Altshuler T. ( 2023 ). Human, machine, state: Towards the regulation of artificial intelligence . The Israel Democracy Institute . https://www.idi.org.il/media/21222/human-machine-state.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Carolus, A., Augustin, Y., Markus, A., & Wienrich, C. (2023). Digital interaction literacy model – Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100114 Carolus A. Augustin Y. Markus A. Wienrich C. ( 2023 ). Digital interaction literacy model – Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems . Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence , 4 , 100114 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100114 Search in Google Scholar

Chakravorti, N. (2022). Digital transformation: A strategic structure for implementation (1st ed.). Productivity Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003270904 Chakravorti N. ( 2022 ). Digital transformation: A strategic structure for implementation ( 1st ed.). Productivity Press . https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003270904 Search in Google Scholar

Chaudhry, M. A., Cukurova, M., & Luckin, R. (2022). A transparency index framework for AI in education. In M. M. Rodrigo, N. Matsuda, A. Cristea I, & V. Dimitrova (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education. Posters and late breaking results, workshops and tutorials, industry and innovation tracks, practitioners’ and doctoral consortium. AIED 2022. (pp. 195-198). Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 13356). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11647-6_33 Chaudhry M. A. Cukurova M. Luckin R. ( 2022 ). A transparency index framework for AI in education . In M. M. Rodrigo N. Matsuda A. Cristea I V. Dimitrova (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education. Posters and late breaking results, workshops and tutorials, industry and innovation tracks, practitioners’ and doctoral consortium. AIED 2022 . (pp. 195 198 ). Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 13356 ). Springer . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11647-6_33 Search in Google Scholar

Coburn, C. E., & Penuel, W. R. (2016). Research– practice partnerships in education: Outcomes, dynamics, and open questions. Educational Researcher, 45(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X16631750 Coburn C. E. Penuel W. R. ( 2016 ). Research– practice partnerships in education: Outcomes, dynamics, and open questions . Educational Researcher , 45 ( 1 ), 48 54 . https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X16631750 Search in Google Scholar

Collins, A., Joseph, D., & Bielaczyc, K. (2004). Design research: Theoretical and methodological issues. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13:1, 15-42, DOI: 10.1207/s15327809jls1301_2 Collins A. Joseph D. Bielaczyc K. ( 2004 ). Design research: Theoretical and methodological issues . Journal of the Learning Sciences , 13 : 1 , 15 42 , DOI: 10.1207/s15327809jls1301_2 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Gill, S. S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., … & Buyya, R. (2024). Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 4, 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Gill S. S. Xu M. Patros P. Wu H. Kaur R. Kaur K. Buyya R. ( 2024 ). Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging era of AI Chatbots . Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems , 4 , 19 23 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Search in Google Scholar

Gonen-Avital, S. (2016). Cultural Diversity and its Implication on Parents’ Attitudes Toward their Child Learning Disability – An Outline of a Research Study. Studia Edukacyjne, 40, 353–377. Gonen-Avital S. ( 2016 ). Cultural Diversity and its Implication on Parents’ Attitudes Toward their Child Learning Disability – An Outline of a Research Study . Studia Edukacyjne , 40 , 353 377 . Search in Google Scholar

Grubaugh, S., & Levitt, G. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the paradigm shift: Reshaping education to equip students for future careers. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 10(6), 7931–7941. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i06.02 Grubaugh S. Levitt G. ( 2023 ). Artificial intelligence and the paradigm shift: Reshaping education to equip students for future careers . International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention , 10 ( 6 ), 7931 7941 . https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i06.02 Search in Google Scholar

Hall, G. E., & Hord, S. M. (2015). Implementing change: Patterns, principles, and potholes. (4th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. Hall G. E. Hord S. M. ( 2015 ). Implementing change: Patterns, principles, and potholes . ( 4th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc . Search in Google Scholar

Heffernan, N. T., & Heffernan, C. L. (2014). The ASSISTments ecosystem: Building a platform that brings scientists and teachers together for minimally invasive research on human learning and teaching. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 24(4), 470–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-014-0024-x Heffernan N. T. Heffernan C. L. ( 2014 ). The ASSISTments ecosystem: Building a platform that brings scientists and teachers together for minimally invasive research on human learning and teaching . International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , 24 ( 4 ), 470 497 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-014-0024-x Search in Google Scholar

Holstein, K., Aleven, V., & Rummel, N. (2020). A conceptual framework for human-AI hybrid adaptivity in education. In I. Bittencourt, M. Cukurova, K. Muldner, R. Luckin, & E. Millán (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education. AIED 2020. (pp. 240–254). Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 12163). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52237-7_20 Holstein K. Aleven V. Rummel N. ( 2020 ). A conceptual framework for human-AI hybrid adaptivity in education . In I. Bittencourt M. Cukurova K. Muldner R. Luckin E. Millán (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education. AIED 2020 . (pp. 240 254 ). Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 12163 ). Springer . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52237-7_20 Search in Google Scholar

Hurtado-Mazeyra, A., Núñez-Pacheco, R., Barreda-Parra, A., Guillén-Chávez, E. P., & Turpo-Gebera, O. (2022, November). Digital competencies of Peruvian teachers in basic education. In A. Palacios-Rodríguez (Ed.) Frontiers in education (Vol. 7, p. 1058653). Frontiers Media SA. Hurtado-Mazeyra A. Núñez-Pacheco R. Barreda-Parra A. Guillén-Chávez E. P. Turpo-Gebera O. ( 2022 , November ). Digital competencies of Peruvian teachers in basic education . In A. Palacios-Rodríguez (Ed.) Frontiers in education (Vol. 7 , p. 1058653 ). Frontiers Media SA . Search in Google Scholar

Israeli Ministry of Education. (2021a). Learning perception. https://pop.education.gov.il/perceptions-trends/renewable-learning-concept/https://meyda.education.gov.il/files/Planning/dmuthabogermismach.pdf Israeli Ministry of Education . ( 2021a ). Learning perception . https://pop.education.gov.il/perceptions-trends/renewable-learning-concept/ https://meyda.education.gov.il/files/Planning/dmuthabogermismach.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Israeli Ministry of Education. (2021b). The national pedagogical policy-The graduate’s character. https://meyda.education.gov.il/files/Planning/boger.pdfhttps://boger.openfox.io/%D7%A2%D7 %9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7 %A9%D7%99 Israeli Ministry of Education . ( 2021b ). The national pedagogical policy-The graduate’s character . https://meyda.education.gov.il/files/Planning/boger.pdfhttps://boger.openfox.io/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99 Search in Google Scholar

Kali, Y., Eylon, B.-S., McKenney, S., & Kidron, A. (2018). Design-Centric Research-Practice Partnerships: Three Key Lenses for Building Productive Bridges Between Theory and Practice. In M. J. Spector, B. B. Lockee, & M. D. Childress (Eds.), Learning, Design, and Technology: An International Compendium of Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy (pp. 1-30). Springer International Publishing. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-17727-4_122- Kali Y. Eylon B.-S. McKenney S. Kidron A. ( 2018 ). Design-Centric Research-Practice Partnerships: Three Key Lenses for Building Productive Bridges Between Theory and Practice . In M. J. Spector B. B. Lockee M. D. Childress (Eds.), Learning, Design, and Technology: An International Compendium of Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy (pp. 1 30 ). Springer International Publishing . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17727-4_122- Search in Google Scholar

Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–16). Long D. Magerko B. ( 2020 ). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations . In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1 16 ). Search in Google Scholar

Mercer, N., Wegerif, R., & Major, L. (2020). The Routledge international handbook of research on dialogic education. Routledge. Mercer N. Wegerif R. Major L. ( 2020 ). The Routledge international handbook of research on dialogic education . Routledge . Search in Google Scholar

Mikeladze, T., Meijer, P. C., & Verhoeff, R. P. (2024). A comprehensive exploration of artificial intelligence competence frameworks for educators: A critical review. European Journal of Education, 00, e12663. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12663 Mikeladze T. Meijer P. C. Verhoeff R. P. ( 2024 ). A comprehensive exploration of artificial intelligence competence frameworks for educators: A critical review . European Journal of Education , 00 , e12663 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12663 Search in Google Scholar

Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x Mishra P. Koehler M. J. ( 2006 ). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge . Teachers College Record , 108 ( 6 ), 1017 1054 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x Search in Google Scholar

Mishra, P., & Oster, N. (2023). Developing a teaching compass in the age of AI a concept paper focusing on teacher competencies. https://punyamishra. com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Developing-a-Teaching-Compass-in-the-Age-of-AI.pdf Mishra P. Oster N. ( 2023 ). Developing a teaching compass in the age of AI a concept paper focusing on teacher competencies . https://punyamishra.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Developing-a-Teaching-Compass-in-the-Age-of-AI.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Mor, Y., & Winters, N. (2007). Design approaches in technology-enhanced learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 15(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820601044236 Mor Y. Winters N. ( 2007 ). Design approaches in technology-enhanced learning . Interactive Learning Environments , 15 ( 1 ), 61 75 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820601044236 Search in Google Scholar

Norman, D. A. (2013). The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition. Basic Books. Norman D. A. ( 2013 ). The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition . Basic Books . Search in Google Scholar

OECD. (2018). The future of education and skills education 2030. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/the-future-of-education-and-skills_54ac7020-enhttps://www.oecd.org/education/2030/E2030%20Position%20Paper%20 %2805.04.2018%29.pdf OECD ., ( 2018 ). The future of education and skills education 2030 . Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/the-future-of-education-and-skills_54ac7020-en https://www.oecd.org/education/2030/E2030%20Position%20Paper%20%2805.04.2018%29.pdf Search in Google Scholar

OECD. (2019a). Transformative competencies for 2030. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/future-of-education-and-skills-2030.html https://www. oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/transformative-competencies/Transformative_Competencies_for_2030_ concept_note.pdf OECD . ( 2019a ). Transformative competencies for 2030 . https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/future-of-education-and-skills-2030.html https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/transformative-competencies/Transformative_Competencies_for_2030_concept_note.pdf Search in Google Scholar

OECD. (2019b). OECD future of education and skills 2030 conceptual learning framework: Skills for 2030. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/skills/Skills_for_2030.pdfhttps://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/future-of-education-and-skills-2030.html OECD . ( 2019b ). OECD future of education and skills 2030 conceptual learning framework: Skills for 2030 . https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/skills/Skills_for_2030.pdf https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/future-of-education-and-skills-2030.html Search in Google Scholar

OECD. (2023). OECD future of education and skills 2030: Learning compass 2030 concept notes. OECD Publishing. https://issuu.com/oecd. publishing/docs/e2030-learning_compass_2030-concept_notes?fr=xKAE9_zU1NQ OECD ., ( 2023 ). OECD future of education and skills 2030: Learning compass 2030 concept notes . OECD Publishing . https://issuu.com/oecd.publishing/docs/e2030-learning_compass_2030-concept_notes?fr=xKAE9_zU1NQ Search in Google Scholar

Olari, V., & Romeike, R. (2021). Addressing AI and data literacy in teacher education: A review of existing educational frameworks. In M. Berges, A. Mühling, & M. Armoni (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (pp. 1–2). Association for Computing Machinery. Olari V. Romeike R. ( 2021 ). Addressing AI and data literacy in teacher education: A review of existing educational frameworks . In M. Berges A. Mühling M. Armoni (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (pp. 1 2 ). Association for Computing Machinery . Search in Google Scholar

Patel, K. (2024). Ethical reflections on data-centric AI: Balancing benefits and risks. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research and Development, 2(1), 1–17. Patel K. ( 2024 ). Ethical reflections on data-centric AI: Balancing benefits and risks . International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research and Development , 2 ( 1 ), 1 17 . Search in Google Scholar

Rebhun, U. (2023). Jewish diversity in Israel. European Judaism, 56(2), 88–111. https://doi.org/10.3167/ej.2023.560209 Rebhun U. ( 2023 ). Jewish diversity in Israel . European Judaism , 56 ( 2 ), 88 111 . https://doi.org/10.3167/ej.2023.560209 Search in Google Scholar

Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4rd ed.). Pearson. Russell S. J. Norvig P. ( 2020 ). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach ( 4rd ed.). Pearson . Search in Google Scholar

Sattelmaier, L., & Pawlowski, J. M. (2023, December). Towards a generative artificial intelligence competence framework for schools. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Enterprise and Industrial Systems (ICOEINS 2023) (Vol. 270, p. 291). Springer Nature. Sattelmaier L. Pawlowski J. M. ( 2023 , December ). Towards a generative artificial intelligence competence framework for schools . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Enterprise and Industrial Systems (ICOEINS 2023) (Vol. 270 , p. 291 ). Springer Nature . Search in Google Scholar

Shamir, G., & Levin, I. (2022). Teaching machine learning in elementary school. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 31(C), 100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100415 Shamir G. Levin I. ( 2022 ). Teaching machine learning in elementary school . International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction , 31 ( C ), 100415 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100415 Search in Google Scholar

Su, J., Zhong, Y., & Ng, D. T. K. (2022). A metareview of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100065. Su J. Zhong Y. Ng D. T. K. ( 2022 ). A metareview of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region . Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence , 3 , 100065 . Search in Google Scholar

UNESCO. (2018). UNESCO ICT competency framework for teachers. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265721/PDF/265721eng.pdf. multi UNESCO . ( 2018 ). UNESCO ICT competency framework for teachers . https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223pf0000265721/PDF/265721eng.pdf.multi Search in Google Scholar

UNESCO. (2019). Beijing consensus on artificial intelligence and education. Outcome document of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education, 16–18 May 2019, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/f0000368303 UNESCO . ( 2019 ). Beijing consensus on artificial intelligence and education . Outcome document of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education , 16–18 May 2019 , Beijing , People’s Republic of China . https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/f0000368303 Search in Google Scholar

UNESCO. (2023). Guidance for generative AI in education and research. (F. Miao & K. Shiohira, Authors).United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, France. https://doi.org/10.54675/EWZM9535 UNESCO . ( 2023 ). Guidance for generative AI in education and research . ( F. Miao K. Shiohira , Authors). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization , France . https://doi.org/10.54675/EWZM9535 Search in Google Scholar

Van der Linden, W. J., & Glas, C. A. W. (2010). Elements of adaptive testing. In W. J. van der Linden & C. A. W. Glas (Eds.), Elements of adaptive testing (pp. 3–30). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85461-8_1 Van der Linden W. J. Glas C. A. W. ( 2010 ). Elements of adaptive testing . In W. J. van der Linden C. A. W. Glas (Eds.), Elements of adaptive testing (pp. 3 30 ). Springer . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85461-8_1 Search in Google Scholar

Wang, F. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366994 Wang F. ( 2019 ). Artificial intelligence in education: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable development . UNESCO . https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366994 Search in Google Scholar

Xie, H., Chu, H. C., Hwang, G. J., & Wang, C. C. (2019). Trends and development in technology-enhanced adaptive/personalized learning: A systematic review of journal publications from 2007 to 2017. Computers & Education, 140, 103599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103599 Xie H. Chu H. C. Hwang G. J. Wang C. C. ( 2019 ). Trends and development in technology-enhanced adaptive/personalized learning: A systematic review of journal publications from 2007 to 2017 . Computers & Education , 140 , 103599 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103599 Search in Google Scholar

Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). A systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0 Zawacki-Richter O. Marín V. I. Bond M. Gouverneur F. ( 2019 ). A systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education , 16 ( 1 ), 39 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0 Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y., & Frank, K. A. (2003). Factors Affecting Technology Uses in Schools: An Ecological Perspective. American Educational Research Journal, 40(4), 807-840. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040004807 Zhao Y. Frank K. A. ( 2003 ). Factors Affecting Technology Uses in Schools: An Ecological Perspective . American Educational Research Journal , 40 ( 4 ), 807 840 . https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040004807 Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, M., & Brown, D. (2020). Educational data mining: A case study of the prediction of students’ academic performance. Journal of Educational Data Mining, 12(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3879643 Zhou M. Brown D. ( 2020 ). Educational data mining: A case study of the prediction of students’ academic performance . Journal of Educational Data Mining , 12 ( 1 ), 19 38 . https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3879643 Search in Google Scholar

Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
2 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Social Sciences, Education, Curriculum and Pedagogy, Education, other