[
Adebisi-Adelani, O. & Oyesola O.B. (2014). Farmers’ perceptions of the effect of climate change on tomato production in Nigeria. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 20(4), 366–373. DOI: 10.1080/19315260.2013.813890.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Akinnifesi, F.K., Chirwa, P.W., Ajayi, O.C., Sileshi, G., Matakala, P., Kwesiga, F.R., Harawa, H. & Makumba W. (2008). Contributions of agroforestry research to livelihood of smallholder farmers in southern Africa: 1. taking stock of the adaptation, adoption and impact of fertilizer tree options. Agric. J., 3(1), 58–75. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/ETH
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Al-Shammary, A.A.G., Kouzani, A.Z., Kaynak, A., Khoo, S.Y., Norton, M. & Gates W. (2018). Soil bulk density estimation methods: a review. Pedo-sphere, 28(4), 581‒596. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60034-7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bezu, T., Woldetsadik, K. & Tana T. (2015). Production scenarios of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 3(4), 59–63. DOI: 10.4314/star. v3i4.8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bryman, A. (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: how is it done? Qualitative Research, 6(1), 97–113. DOI: 10.1177/146879410605887.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cairns, M.A., Brown, S., Helmer, E.H. & Baumgardner G.A. (1997). Root biomass allocation in the world’s upland forests. Oecologia, 111(1), 1–11. DOI: 10.1007/s004420050201.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
CSA (Central Statistical Agency) (2013‒2014). Agricultural Sample Survey for 2013/14: Report on Area and Production of Major Crops for Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season. Statistical Bulletin No 532, Addis Ababa.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chave, J. (2013). The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: what have we learned in 20 years?Ecol. Lett., 16, 4–16. DOI: 10.1111/ele.12048.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dawson, I.K., Guariguata, M.R., Loo, J., Weber, J.C., Lengkeek, A., Bush, D., Cornelius, J., Guarino, L., Kindt, R., Orwa, C., Russell, J. & Jamnadass R.H. (2013). What is the relevance of smallholders’ agroforestry systems for conserving tropical tree species and genetic diversity in circa situm, in situ and ex situ settings? a review. Biodivers. Conserv., 22(2), 301–324. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-012-0429-5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dercon, S. & Krishnan P. (1996). Income portfolios in rural ethiopia and tanzania: choices and constraints. The Journal of Development Studies, 32(6), 850–875. DOI: 10.1080/00220389608422443.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Deressa, T.T., Hassan, R.M., Ringler, C., Alemu, T. & Yesuf M. (2009). Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation methods to climate change in the Nile basin of Ethiopia. Global Environmental Change, 19(2), 248–255. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.002.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dix, M.E., Bishaw, B., Workman, S.W., Barnhart, M.R., Klopfenstein, N.B. & Dix A.M. (1999). Pest management in energy and labor intensive agro-forestry system. In L.E. Buck, J.P. Lassoie & E.C.M. Fernandes (Eds.), Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems (pp. 131‒155). CRC Press. DOI: 10.1201/9781420049473.ch7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Duguma, L.A. (2013). Financial analysis of agroforestry land uses and its implications for smallholder farmers livelihood improvement in Ethiopia. Agrofor. Syst. 87(1), 217–231. DOI: 10.1007/s10457-012-9537-1.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dumont, J., Shen, J. & Deng X. (2017). Effects of green hrm practices on employee workplace green behavior: The role of psychological green climate and employee green values. Human Resource Management, 56(4), 613–627. DOI: 10.1002/hrm.21792.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Elbakidze, M., Angelstam, P., Yamelynets, T., Dawson, L., Gebrehiwot, M., Stryamets, N., Johansson, K.-E., Garrido, P., Naumov, V. & Manton M.(2017). A bottom-up approach to map land covers as potential green infrastructure hubs for human well-being in rural settings: A case study from Sweden. Landsc. Urban Plann., 168, 72–83. DOI: 10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2017.09.031.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Franzel, S. (2004). Financial analysis of agroforestry practices. In J.R.R. Alavalapati & D.E. Mercer (Eds.), Valuing agroforestry systems (pp. 9–37). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-2413-4_2.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hadgu, F., Gebrekidan, H., Kibret, K. & Yitaferu B. (2014). Study of phosphorus adsorption and its relationship with soil properties, analyzed with langmuir and freundlich models. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3(1), 40‒51. DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20140301.18.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
HPRS (2011). Harari People Regional State, Programme of Plan on Adaption to Climate Change Technical and Financial Support: Environmental Protection Authority of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kamanga, P., Vedeld, P. & Sjaastad E.(2009). Forest incomes and rural livelihoods in Chiradzulu district, Malawi. Ecological Economics, 68(3), 613–624. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.018.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Keating, B.A., Carberry, P.S., Bindraban, P.S., Asseng, S., Meinke, H. & Dixon J. (2010). Eco-efficient agriculture: Concepts, challenges, and opportunities. Crop Sci., 50, S109‒S119. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0594.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Khan, M.A., Khan, M.Z., Zaman, K. & Naz L. (2014). Global estimates of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 336–344. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.091.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kimaro, A.A., Isaac, M.E. & Chamshama S.A.O. (2011). Carbon pools in tree biomass and soils under rotational woodlot systems in eastern Tanzania. In B.M. Kumar & P.K. Ramachandran (Eds.), Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems (pp. 129–143). Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1630-8_7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Koohafkan, P., Altieri, M.A. & Gimenez E.H. (2012). Green agriculture: foundations for biodiverse, resilient and productive agricultural systems. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 10(1), 61–75. DOI: 10.1080/14735903.2011.610206.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kuyah, S., Dietz, J., Muthuri, C., Jamnadass, R., Mwangi, P., Coe, R. & Neufeldt H. (2012). Allometric equations for estimating biomass in agricultural landscapes: Ii. belowground biomass. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 158, 225–234. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2012.05.011.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lawrence, D.M., Fisher, R.A., Koven, Ch.D., Oleson, K.W., Swenson, S.C., Bonan, G., Collier, N., Ghimire, B., van Kampenhout, L., Kennedy, D., Kluzek, E., Lawrence, P.J., Li, F., Li, H., Lombardozzi, D., Riley, W.J., Sacks, W.J., Shi, M., Vertenstein, M., Wieder, W.R., Xu, Ch., Ali, A.A., Badger, A.M., Bisht, G., van den Broeke, M., Brunke, M.A., Burns, S.P., Buzan, J., Clark, M., Craig, A., Dahlin, K., Drewniak, B., Fisher, J.B., Flanner, M., Fox, A.M., Gentine, P., Hoffman, F., Keppel-Aleks, G., Konox, R., Kumar, S., Lenaerts, J., Leung, L.R., Lipscomb, w.H., Lu, Y., Pandey, A., Pelletier, J.D., Perket, J., Randerson, J.T., Ricciuto, D.M., Sanderson, B.M., Slater, A., Subin, Z.M., Tang, J., Thomas, R.Q., Martin, M.V. & Zeng X. (2019). The community land model version 5: Description of new features, benchmarking, and impact of forcing uncertainty. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(12), 4245–4287. DOI: 10.1029/2018MS001583.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B.M., Baedeker, T., Braimoh, A., Bwalya, M., Caron, P., Cattaneo, A., Garrity, D., Henry, K., Hottle, R., Jackson, L., Jarvis, A., Kossam, F., Mann, W., McCarthy, N., Meybeck, A., Neufeldt, H., Remington, T., Sen, P.T., Sessa, R., Shula, R., Tibu, A. & Torquebiau E.F. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4(12), 1068–1072. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2437.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Maroyi, A. (2009). Traditional homegardens and rural livelihoods in Nhema, Zimbabwe: a sustainable agroforestry system. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol., 16(1), 1–8. 10.1080/13504500902745895.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Martinez, D.A., Loening, U.E., Graham, M.C. & Gathorne-Hardy A. (2021). When the medicine feeds the problem; do nitrogen fertilisers and pesticides enhance the nutritional quality of crops for their pests and pathogens? Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 234. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.701310.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mbow, Ch., Van Noordwijk, M., Luedeling, E., Neufeldt, H., Minang, P.A. & Kowero G. (2014). Agroforestry solutions to address food security and climate change challenges in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6, 61‒67. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.014.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mithöfer, D. & Waibel H. (2003). Income and labour productivity of collection and use of indigenous fruit tree products in Zimbabwe. Agrofor. Syst., 59(3), 295–305. DOI: 10.1023/B:AGFO.0000005230.09714.b4.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mohr, H. (1964). The control of plant growth and development by light. Biol. Rev., 39(1), 87–112. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1964.tb00950.x.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Montagnini, F. & Nair P.K.R. (2004). Carbon sequestration: an underexploited environmental benefit of agroforestry systems. Agrofo. Syst., 61‒62, 281–295. DOI: 10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029005.92691.79.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Munyua, C.N. & Wagara I.N. (2015). Diversification and a multidisciplinary approach for raising agriculture production and attaining food security in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 5(10), 218‒ 224. DOI: 10.18488/journal.1005/2015.5.10/1005.10.218.224.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nair Ramachandran, P.K. (2007). The coming of age of agroforestry. J. Sci. Food Agric., 87(9), 1613–1619. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2897.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nair Ramachandran, P.K., Nair, V.D., Kumar, B.H. & Haile S.G. (2009). Soil carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems: a feasibility appraisal. Environmental Science & Policy, 12(8), 1099–1111. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2009.01.010.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Neelakantan, A., DeFries, R., Sterling, E. & Naeem S. (2020). Contributions of financial, social and natural capital to food security around Kanha National Park in central India. Regional Environmental Change, 20(1), 1–14. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-020-01589-7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Negash, M., Starr, M., Kanninen, M. & Berhe L. (2013). Allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass of coffea arabica l. grown in the rift valley escarpment of Ethiopia. Agrofor. Syst., 87(4), 953–966. DOI: 10.1007/s10457-013-9611-3.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Noy, Ch. (2008). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327–344. DOI: 10.1080/13645570701401305.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Osuri, A.M., Ratnam, J., Varma, V., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Hur-Tado Astaiza, J., Bradford, M. Fletcher, Ch., Ndoundou-Hockemba, M., Jansen, P.A., Kenfack, D., Marshall, A.R., Ramesh, B.R., Rovero, F. & Sankaran M. (2016). Contrasting effects of defaunation on aboveground carbon storage across the global tropics. Nature Communications, 7(1), 1–7. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11351.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P. Dubash, N.K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C.B., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Fuglestvedt, J., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Hallegatte, S., Hegerl, G., Howden, M., Jiang, K., Jimenez Cisneroz, B., Kattsov, V., Lee, H., Mach, K.J., Marotzke, J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Meyer, L., Minx, J., Mulugetta, Y., O’Brien, K., Oppenheimer, M., Pereira, J.J., Pichs-Madruga, R., Plattner, G.-K., Pörtner, H.-O., Power, S.B., Preston, B., Ravindranath, N.H., Reisinger, A., Riahi, K., Rusticucci, M., Scholes, R., Seyboth, K., Sokona, Y., Stavins, R., Stocker, T.F., Tschakert, P., van Vuuren, D. & van Ypserle J.-P. (2014). Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sida, T.S. (2018). Sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems in Ethiopia: what roles can scattered trees play? PhD thesis, Wageningen University and Research.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Simelton, E., Quinn, C.H., Batisani, N., Dougill, A.J., Dyer, J.C., Fraser, E.D.G., Mkwambisi, D., Sallu, S. & Stringer L.C. (2013). Is rainfall really changing? farmers’ perceptions, meteorological data, and policy implications. Climate and Development, 5(2), 123–138. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2012.751893.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tesfaye, Y., Roos, A., Campbell, B.M. & Bohlin F. (2011). Livelihood strategies and the role of forest income in participatory-managed forests of dodola area in the bale highlands, southern Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 13(4), 258–265. DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2011.01.002.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Thornton, P.K. (2010). Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 365(1554), 2853–2867. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0134.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Torquebiau, E.F. (2000). A renewed perspective on agroforestry concepts and classification. C. R. Acad. Sci. Series III-Sci. Vie, 323(11), 1009‒ 1017. DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01239-7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Toru, T. & Kibret K. (2019). Carbon stock under major land use/land cover types of hades sub-watershed, eastern Ethiopia. Carbon Balance and Management, 14(1), 1–14. DOI: 10.1186/s13021-019-0122-z.
]Search in Google Scholar
