Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Mechanisms, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Perspectives for Pandemic Preparedness (SDG 3)

Extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, are released by virus-infected cells and are readily absorbed by other cells. Drugs based on cell-to-cell communication can reduce morbidity and mortality, supporting WHO’s “One Health” approach. Consequently, addressing diseases like cardiovascular issues, pulmonary and renal complications, autoimmune syndromes, prion diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, COVID-19, osteoporosis, and cancers is essential for achieving the UN-SDG Agenda 2030. This review on exosomes and their function in viral infections focuses on their purification, patho-physiological pathways, genetic biomarkers, and immunological features.. This review outlines precision diagnostics, elimination strategies, and future research directions for viral eradication therapies. The biogenesis of exosomes and how they can inhibit virus replication are critical for advancing viral eradication strategies, particularly for HIV and SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights key clinical implications and emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of host responses to enhance physician-led management and reduce global mortality.