Potential Legal Challenges for Blockchain Technology in Competition Law

1. Abramowicz, Michael. “Cryptocurrency-Based Law.” Arizona Law Review 58 (2016): 359-420.Search in Google Scholar

2. Bradley, Robert. “On the Origins of the Sherman Antitrust Act.” Cato Journal 9 (1990): 737–742.Search in Google Scholar

3. Champagne, Phil. The book of Satoshi: The collected writings of Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto. USA: e53 Publishing, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

4. Comm’n of The European Communities, “Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 82 Ec Treaty to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings,” Official Journal of the European Union (Dec. 3, 2008) // https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52009XC0224%2801%29.Search in Google Scholar

5. Cong, Lin, and Zhiguo He. “Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts.” The Review of Financial Studies 32 (2018): 1754-1797.10.1093/rfs/hhz007Search in Google Scholar

6. Cuccuru, Pierluigi. “Beyond Bitcoin: An Early Overview on Smart Contracts.” International Journal of Law and Information Technology 25 (2017): 179-195.10.1093/ijlit/eax003Search in Google Scholar

7. Dannen, Chris. Introducing Ethereum and Solidity: Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners. New York: Apress, 2017.10.1007/978-1-4842-2535-6Search in Google Scholar

8. De Filippi, Primavera. Blockchain and the law: the Rule of Code. Boston: Harvard University Press. 2018.10.2307/j.ctv2867spSearch in Google Scholar

9. Desal, Kiran. Blockchain and competition law. London: Ernest & Young Law Alert, 2018 // https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-blockchain-and-competition-law/$FILE/ey-blockchain-and-competition-law.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

10. Economides, Nicholas, and Ioannis Lianos. “Elusive Antitrust Standard on Bundling in Europe and in the United States in the Aftermath of the Microsoft Cases.” Antitrust law Journal 76 (2010): 483-494.Search in Google Scholar

11. European Central Bank. “Why does the ECB have a stake in market infrastructure?” (2016) // https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/annual/special-features/2016/html/index.en.html.Search in Google Scholar

12. Freedman, Maurice. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.Search in Google Scholar

13. Guegan, Dominique. “Public Blockchain Versus Private Blockhain.” Documents de travail du Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne 1 (2017): 17020 // https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01524440/document.Search in Google Scholar

14. Hong, Sunghyuck. “P2P networking based internet of things (IoT) sensor node authentication by Blockchain.” Peer-to-Peer Netw. 13 (2020): 579-589.10.1007/s12083-019-00739-xSearch in Google Scholar

15. Hovenkamp, Herbert J. “The Rule of Reason.” Florida Law Review 70 (2018): 81-96.Search in Google Scholar

16. Huberman, Gur, Jacob Leshno, and Ciamac Moallemi. “An Economic Analysis of the Bitcoin Payment System.” Columbia Business School Research Paper 2 (2017): 17-92.10.2139/ssrn.3032375Search in Google Scholar

17. IDC Trackers. “Worldwide Blockchain Spending Guide” // https://www.idc.com/tracker/showproductinfo.jsp?prod_id=1842.Search in Google Scholar

18. Jenny, Frederic. “The Institutional Design of Competition Authorities: Debates and Trends,” In Competition law enforcement in the BRICS and in developing countries, pp. 1-57 (2016) // https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2894893.Search in Google Scholar

19. Kim, Seoung. “Ethereum Upgrades as Hard Forks Activate on Blockchain.” Coindesk, (2019).Search in Google Scholar

20. Lianos, Ioannis. “Blockchain Competition.” CLES Research Paper Series 4/2018 (2018) // https://scihub.tw/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3257307.Search in Google Scholar

21. Mauri, Ross. “Three Features of Blockchain that Help Prevent Fraud.” IBM (2017) // https://www.ibm.com/blogs/blockchain/2017/09/three-features-ofblockchain-thathelp-prevent-fraud.Search in Google Scholar

22. May, Timothy. “The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto.” Activism (1992) // https://www.activism.net/cypherpunk/crypto-anarchy.html.Search in Google Scholar

23. Miseviciute, Jurgita. “Blockchain and virtual currency regulation in the EU.” Journal of Investment Compliance 19 (2018): 33-38.10.1108/JOIC-04-2018-0026Search in Google Scholar

24. Nakamoto, Satoshi. “Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system.” Bitcoin (2008) // https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

25. O’Donoghue, Robert, and Jorge Padilla. The Law and Economics of Article 102 TFEU. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

26. OECD. Blockchain Technology and Competition Policy: Issues Paper by the Secretariat. OECD, 2018 // https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/WD(2018)47/en/pdf.Search in Google Scholar

27. OECD. “Roundtable on Changes in Institutional Design.” DAF/COMP/M(2015)1/ANN6/FINAL // https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/WP2/M(2015)1/ANN6/FINAL/en/pdf.Search in Google Scholar

28. Østbye, Peder. “The Adequacy of Competition Policy for Cryptocurrency Markets.” Social Science Research Network (2017) // https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/the-adequacy-of-competition-policy-for-cryptocurrency-markets/.10.2139/ssrn.3025732Search in Google Scholar

29. Østbye, Peder. “The Case for a 21 Million Bitcoin Conspiracy.” Journal of Financial Transformation 48 (2018): 88-97.10.2139/ssrn.3136044Search in Google Scholar

30. Penz-Sharp, Alan. “Blockchain for Business: Ready or Not, Here it Comes.” CMSWire (2017) // https://www.cmswire.com/information-management/blockchain-for-business-ready-or-not-here-it-comes.Search in Google Scholar

31. Posner, Eric, and Glen Weyl. Radical Markets: uprooting capitalism and democracy for a just society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

32. Posner, Richard. Antitrust Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.Search in Google Scholar

33. Raval, Siraj. Decentralized Applications: Harnessing Bitcoin’s Blockchain Technology. Sebastopol: O’Reilly Media, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

34. Roberts, Russ, and Jim Epstein. “Jim Epstein on Bitcoin, the Blockchain, and Freedom in Latin America.” Econ Talk (2017) // http://www.econtalk.org/jim-epstein-on-bitcoin-the-blockchain-and-freedom-in-latin-america/.Search in Google Scholar

35. Rochet, Jean-Charles, and Jean Tirole. “Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets.” Journal of the European Economic Association 1 (2003): 990-1029.10.1162/154247603322493212Search in Google Scholar

36. Swan, Melanie. Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy. Sebastopol: O’Reilly Media, 2015.Search in Google Scholar

37. Talamo, Maurizio, Franco Arcieri, Andrea Dimitri, and Christian H. Schunck, “A Blockchain based PKI Validation System based on Rare Events Management.” Future Internet 12 (2020): 40.10.3390/fi12020040Search in Google Scholar

38. Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. A Blockchain Revolution: how the technology behind Bitcoin is changing money, business and the world. New York: Penguin Ramdom House, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

39. The World Bank. “Blockchain or distributed ledger technology.” The World Bank Group (2018) // http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/260121548673898731/pdf/134063-WP-121278-2nd-edition-IFC-EMCompass-Blockchain-Report-PUBLIC.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

40. Thomas, Ryan “Blockchains and Antitrust: new technology, same old risks.” JonesDay One Firm Wolrdwide Whitepaper (2018) // https://www.jonesday.com/blockchains-and-antitrust-new-technology-same-old-risks-08-02-2018/.Search in Google Scholar

41. Tsu, Sun. The Art of War. London: Macmillan, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

42. Vigna, Paul, and Michael Casey. The Truth Machine: the Blockchain and the Future of Everything. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

43. Walch, Angela. “The Path of the Blockchain Lexicon (and the Law).” Review of Banking & Financial Law 36 (2017): 713-718.Search in Google Scholar

44. Werbach, Kevin. The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018.10.7551/mitpress/11449.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

45. Werbach, Kevin. “Trust, but Verify: Why the Blockchain Needs the Law.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 33 (2018): 487-495.Search in Google Scholar

46. World Economic Forum. “Deep Shift: Technology Tipping Points and Societal Impact” (2015) // https://www.weforum.org/reports/deep-shift-technology-tipping-points-and-societal-impact.Search in Google Scholar

47. Zamfir, Vlad. “Introducing Casper ‘The Friendly Ghost’.” Ethereum Blog (2015) // https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/01/introducing-casper-friendly-ghost.Search in Google Scholar

1. Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wis. v. Marshfield Clinic. (1995) 65, F.3d 1406, 1413.Search in Google Scholar

2. British Airways v. Comm’n. (2003) T-219/99, E.C.R. II-5925.Search in Google Scholar

3. Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. (1993) 509, U.S. 209, 220.Search in Google Scholar

4. Cascade Health Sols. v PeaceHealth. (2007) 502, F.3d 895, 905Search in Google Scholar

5. Clearstream Banking AG v. Comm’n. (2009). T-301/04, E.C.R. 317.Search in Google Scholar

6. Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Official Journal (2012) // https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT [hereinafter TFEU]).Search in Google Scholar

7. Deutsche Telekom AG v. Comm’n. (2010) C280/08 P, E.C.R. I-9555.Search in Google Scholar

8. Eisai Inc. v Sanofi-Aventis U.S. (2014) 08-4168, WL 1343254, at *12.Search in Google Scholar

9. European Night Servs. Ltd. (ENS) v. Commission. (1998) T-374/94, T375/94, T-384/94, and T-388/94, E.C.R. II-3141;Search in Google Scholar

10. Google Shopping. (2017) 39740, E.C.R. 145.Search in Google Scholar

11. Hynix Semiconductor Inc v. Infineon. (2010) COMP/38.636, O.J. C 30.Search in Google Scholar

12. Hoffmann-La Roche and Co. AG v. Comm’n. (1979) 85/76, E.C.R. 461Search in Google Scholar

13. Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. (2006) 547, U.S. 28.Search in Google Scholar

14. Intel Corp. v. Comm’n. (2017) C-413/14 P, E.C.R. 632Search in Google Scholar

15. Irish Sugar v. Comm’n. (1999) T-228/97, E.C.R. II-2975Search in Google Scholar

16. Jefferson Parish Hosp. District No. 2 v. Hyde. (1984) 466, U.S. 2, 1Search in Google Scholar

17. Konkurrensverket v. TeliaSonera Sverige AB. (2011) C-52/09, E.C.R. I-527.Search in Google Scholar

18. LePage’s Inc. v. 3M. (2003) 324, F.3d 141, 157Search in Google Scholar

19. Microsoft Corp. v. Sun Microsystems, Inc, Comm’n Decision. (2004) 3/37.792.Search in Google Scholar

20. Oscar Bronner v. Mediaprint Zeitungs und Zeitschriftenverlag. (1998) C-7/97, E.C.R. I-7796.Search in Google Scholar

21. Pac. Bell Tel. Co. v. LinkLine Commc’ns, Inc. (2009) 555, U.S. 438.Search in Google Scholar

22. Post Danmark A/S v. Konkurrencerådet. (2012) C209/10, E.C.R. 172.Search in Google Scholar

23. Telefónica and Telefónica de España v. Comm’n. (2013) C-295/12, E.C.R. 619.Search in Google Scholar

24. Tomra Sys. ASA & Others v. Comm’n. (2010) T-155/06, 2010 E.C.R. II-4361Search in Google Scholar

25. United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2001) 253, F.3d 34.Search in Google Scholar

26. Verizon Comm. Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP. (2004) 540, U.S. 398Search in Google Scholar