Open Access

An Overview and Current Challenges in Respect to Screen-Printed Electrochemical Electrodes Employability as Disposable Biosensors

, ,  and   
Jun 19, 2025

Cite
Download Cover

Abedeen M.Z., Sharma M., Singh Kushwaha H., Gupta R., Sensitive Enzyme-Free Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Pesticide Residues in Food and Water, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 176, 117729 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Abid K., Foti A., Khaskhoussi A., Celesti C., D’Andrea C., Polykretis P., Matteini P., Iannazzo D., Maalej R., Gucciardi P.G., Neri G., A Study of Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with MoSe2 and AuNPs-MoSe2 Nanosheets for Dopamine Sensing, Electrochimica Acta, 475, 143371 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Ahmad N., Rasheed S., Mohyuddin A., Fatima B., Ikram Nabeel M., Riaz T.M., Najamul-Haq M., Hussain D., 2D MXenes and Their Composites; Design, Synthesis, and Environmental Sensing Applications, Chemosphere, 352, 141280 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Alfarobi H., Yulianti E.S., Intan N., Whulanza Y., Park D.H., Rahman S.F., Preliminary Study on the Fabrication of Multi-Layer Screen-Printed Electrode for Biosensor Application, International Journal of Technology, 13, 1692-1703 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Alizadeh M., Demir E., Aydogdu N., Zare N., Karimi F., Kandomal S.M., Rokni H., Ghasemi Y., Recent Advantages in Electrochemical Monitoring for the Analysis of Amaranth and Carminic Acid as Food Color, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 163, 112929 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Ambaye A.D., Kefeni K.K., Mishra S.B., Nxumalo E.N., Ntsendwana B., Recent Developments in Nanotechnology-Based Printing Electrode Systems for Electrochemical Sensors, Talanta, 225, 121951 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Anshori I., Ula L.R., Ihsantia G., Asih N., Durable Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Sensing Using Silver Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Uric Acid Detection, Nanotechnology, 35, 115501 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Antuña-Jiménez D., González-García M.B., Hernández-Santos D., Fanjul-Bolado P., Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Metal Nanoparticles for Small Molecule Sensing, Biosensors, 10, 1–22 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Arduini F., Cinti S., Mazzaracchio V., Scognamiglio V., Amine A., Moscone D., Carbon Black as an Outstanding and Affordable Nanomaterial for Electrochemical (Bio)Sensor Design, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 156, 112033 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Arrieiro M.O.B., Arantes L.C., Moreira D.A.R., Pimentel D.M., Lima C.D., Costa L.M.F., Verly R.M., dos Santos W.T.P., Electrochemical Detection of Eutylone Using Screen-Printed Electrodes: Rapid and Simple Screening Method for Application in Forensic Samples, Electrochimica Acta, 412, 140106 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Arumugam B., Palanisamy S., Janagaraj G., Ramaraj S.K., Chiesa M., Subramanian C., Real-Time Detection of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol in Environmental Samples Using Fe3O4 Nanospheres Decorated Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets, Surfaces and Interfaces, 39, 102930 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Baccarin M., Rowley-Neale S.J., Cavalheiro É.T.G., Smith G.C., Banks C.E., Nanodiamond Based Surface Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine and Uric Acid, Microchimica Acta, 186, 1-9 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Benmassaoud Y., Murtada K., Salghi R., Zougagh M., Ríos Á., Surface Polymers on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Selective Extraction and Electrochemical Determination of Rhodamine B in Food Samples, Molecules, 26, 2670 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Bernardo-Boongaling V.R.R., Serrano N., García-Guzmán J.J., Palacios-Santander J.M., Díaz-Cruz J.M., Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Green-Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles for the Electrochemical Determination of Aminothiols, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 847, 113184 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Bertel L., Miranda D.A., García‐martín J.M., Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Surfaces for Electrochemical Biosensing, Sensors, 21, 1-24 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Bonacin J.A., Dos Santos P.L., Katic V., Foster C.W., Banks C.E., Use of Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified by Prussian Blue and Analogues in Sensing of Cysteine, Electroanalysis, 30, 170-179 (2018). Search in Google Scholar

Cancelliere R., Cianciaruso M., Carbone K., Micheli L., Biochar: A Sustainable Alternative in the Development of Electrochemical Printed Platforms, Chemosensors, 10, 344 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Canciu A., Cernat A., Tertis M., Botarca S., Bordea M.A., Wang J., Cristea C., Proof of Concept for the Detection with Custom Printed Electrodes of Enterobactin as a Marker of Escherichia Coli, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 9884 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Cazac V., Cîrja J., Balan E., Mohora C., The Study of the Screen Printing Quality Depending on the Surface to Be Printed, MATEC Web of Conferences, 178, 1-6 (2018). Search in Google Scholar

Cesewski E., Johnson B.N., Electrochemical Biosensors for Pathogen Detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 159, 112214 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Chen C.L.C., Ding S., Wang J., Kemp E., Palomäki T., Ruuth I.A., Boeva Z.A., Nurminen T.A., Vänskä R.T., Zschaechner L.K., Pérez A.G., Hakala T.A., Wardale M., Haeggström E., Bobacka J., Kilic N.M., Singh S., Keles G., Cinti S. et al., Carbon-Based Electrochemical Biosensors as Diagnostic Platforms for Connected Decentralized Healthcare, Biosensors, 13, 143190 (2023a). Search in Google Scholar

Chen Y., Sun Y., Niu Y., Wang B., Zhang Z., Zeng L., Li L., Sun W., Portable Electrochemical Sensing of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Based on Self-Assembled MXene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Modified Screen-Printed Electrode, Electroanalysis, 35, 1-9 (2023b). Search in Google Scholar

Cheng Y.Y., Feng X.Z., Zhan T., An Q.Q., Han G.C., Chen Z., Kraatz H.B., A Facile Indole Probe for Ultrasensitive Immunosensor Fabrication toward C-Reactive Protein Sensing, Talanta, 262, 1-9 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Clark L.C., Lyons C., Electrode Systems for Continuous Monitoring in Cardiovascular Surgery, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 102, 29-45 (1962). Search in Google Scholar

Cotchim S., Thavarungkul P., Kanatharana P., Thantipwan T., Jiraseree-amornkun A., Wannapob R., Limbut W., A Portable Electrochemical Immunosensor for Ovarian Cancer Uses Hierarchical Microporous Carbon Material from Waste Coffee Grounds, Microchimica Acta, 190, 1-12 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Crapnell R.D., Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A., Dempsey N.C., Banks C.E., Electroanalytical Overview: Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for the Detection of Vital Cardiac, Cancer and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Sensors & Diagnostics, 1, 405-428 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

D’Aurelio R., Tothill I.E., Salbini M., Calò F., Mazzotta E., Malitesta C., Chianella I., A Comparison of EIS and QCM NanoMIP-Based Sensors for Morphine, Nanomaterials, 11, 3360 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Damalerio R.B., Lim R.Q., Wee J.Y.V., Lim R.Y., Cheng M.Y., Evaluation of Screen Printing Process in Fabrication of Small Profile Conductive Ink-Based Contact Force Sensor, 2023 IEEE 73rd Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2023, Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 461-466. Search in Google Scholar

David M., Şerban A., Enache T.A., Florescu M., Electrochemical Quantification of Levothyroxine at Disposable Screen-Printed Electrodes, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 911, 116240 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

de Cássia Mendonça J., da Rocha L.R., Capelari T.B., Prete M.C., Angelis P.N., Segatelli M.G., Tarley C.R.T., Design and Performance of Novel Molecularly Imprinted Biomimetic Adsorbent for Preconcentration of Prostate Cancer Biomarker Coupled to Electrochemical Determination by Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Nafion®/Ni(OH)2-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 878, 114582 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Deroco P.B., Fatibello-Filho O., Arduini F., Moscone D., Effect of Different Carbon Blacks on the Simultaneous Electroanalysis of Drugs as Water Contaminants Based on Screen-Printed Sensors, Electroanalysis, 31, 2145-2154 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Dias D., Postolache O., Monge J., Potentionstat Network for Precision Agriculture, 2024 IEEE 22nd Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON 2024), 2024. Porto, Portugal, pp. 885-890. Search in Google Scholar

Díaz-Cruz J.M., Serrano N., Pérez-Ràfols C., Ariño C., Esteban M., Electroanalysis from the Past to the Twenty-First Century: Challenges and Perspectives, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 24, 2653-2661 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Drobysh M., Liustrovaite V., Kanetski Y., Brasiunas B., Zvirbliene A., Rimkute A., Gudas D., Kucinskaite-Kodze I., Simanavicius M., Ramanavicius S., Slibinskas R., Ciplys E., Plikusiene I., Ramanavicius A., Electrochemical Biosensing Based Comparative Study of Monoclonal Antibodies against SARSCoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein, Science of The Total Environment, 908, 168154 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Duraia E. shazly M., Adebiyi B.M., Das S., Magar H.S., Beall G.W., Hassan R.Y.A., Single-Step Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes-Nickel Cobaltite (CNT-NiCo2O4) by Thermal Decomposition of Cyanide Compounds for Electrochemical Sensing Applications, Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 159, 115902 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Eissa S., Zourob M., Development of a Low-Cost Cotton-Tipped Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Analytical Chemistry, 93, 1826-1833 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Elgrishi N., Rountree K.J., McCarthy B.D., Rountree E.S., Eisenhart T.T., Dempsey J.L., A Practical Beginner’s Guide to Cyclic Voltammetry, Journal of Chemical Education, 95, 197-206 (2018). Search in Google Scholar

Enache T.A., Enculescu M., Bunea M.C., Zubillaga E.A., Tellechea E., Aresti M., Lasheras M., Asensio A.C., Diculescu V.C., Carbon Inks-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Qualitative Analysis of Amino Acids, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, 1129 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Ferrari A.G.M., Crapnell R.D., Banks C.E., Electroanalytical Overview: Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Food and Drink Safety, Biosensors, 11, 291 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Gao Y., Guo Y., He P., Liu Z., Chen Y., Enhanced Sensitivity and Selectivity of an Electrochemical Sensor for Real-Time Propofol Monitoring in Anesthesia, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 87, 47-55 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Garkani Nejad F., Asadi M.H., Sheikhshoaie I., Dourandish Z., Zaimbashi R., Beitollahi H., Construction of Modified Screen-Printed Graphite Electrode for the Application in Electrochemical Detection of Sunset Yellow in Food Samples, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 166, 113243 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Gong L., Zhang Y., Liu R., Liu Z., Jin S., Zhang L., Zhao T., Fa H. bao, Yin W., A Portable Electrochemical Room-Temperature Sensor Based on Flower-like Structure UIO-66-NH2@MoS2 Composite for Ammonia Detection, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 413, 135868 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Gong Z., Huang Y., Hu X., Zhang J., Chen Q., Chen H., Recent Progress in Electrochemical Nano-Biosensors for Detection of Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Foods, Biosensors, 13, 1-34 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Granero A.M., Fernández H., Zon M.A., Robledo S.N., Pierini G.D., Di Tocco A., Carrillo Palomino R.A., Maccio S., Riberi W.I., Arévalo F.J., Development of Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors to Detect Natural and Synthetic Compounds Related to Agroalimentary, Environmental and Health Systems in Argentina. A Review of the Last Decade, Chemosensors, 9, 294 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Guarín P., Cristancho J., Castillo J.J., Rapid Electrochemical Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus Based on Screen-Printed Gold Electrodes Modified with Cysteine and Guinea Grass (Panicum Maximum) Peroxidase, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 44, 835-844 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Guerrero S., Sánchez-Tirado E., Agüí L., González-Cortés A., Yáñez-Sedeño P., Pingarrón J.M., Development of an Electrochemical CCL5 Chemokine Immunoplatform for Rapid Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis, Biosensors, 12, 610 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Gulati P., Singh A.K., Yadav A.K., Pasbola K., Pandey P., Sharma R., Thakar A., Solanki P., Nano-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Oral Cancer Biomarkers Detection in Undiluted Human Serum and Saliva Samples, Nanoscale Advances, 6, 705-721 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Hamid Kargari S., Ahour F., Mahmoudian M., An Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Arsenic Using Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode, Scientific Reports, 13, 1-13 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Hassan R.Y.A., Advances in Electrochemical Nano-Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications: From Current Work to Future Perspectives, Sensors, 22, 7539 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Hassine A. Ben, Raouafi N., Moreira F.T.C., Novel Electrochemical Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Biosensor for Tau Protein Detection, Chemosensors, 9, 1-14 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Haššo M., Sarakhman O., Đurđić S., Stanković D., Švorc Ľ., Advanced Electrochemical Platform for Simple and Rapid Quantification of Tannic Acid in Beverages Using Batch Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 942, 117578 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Hatala M., Gemeiner P., Hvojnik M., Mikula M., The Effect of the Ink Composition on the Performance of Carbon-Based Conductive Screen Printing Inks, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 30, 1034-1044 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

He P., Cao J., Ding H., Liu C., Neilson J., Li Z., Kinloch I.A., Derby B., Screen-Printing of a Highly Conductive Graphene Ink for Flexible Printed Electronics, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 11, 32225-32234 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Hilal H.A., Litunov S.N., Belkova S. V., Bochkareva S.S., Trifonova E.N., Technological Process Modeling for Ink Filling in the High Accuracy Screen Printer Mesh, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1441, 012095 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Hu G., Kang J., Ng L.W.T., Zhu X., Howe R.C.T., Jones C.G., Hersam M.C., Hasan T., Functional Inks and Printing of Two-Dimensional Materials, Chemical Society Reviews, 47, 3265-3300 (2018). Search in Google Scholar

Hu Y., Bao F., Fu S., Feng S., Miao J., Miao P., Xu Y., A Facile Electrochemical Biosensor for Coronavirus RNA Assay with Silver Deposition, Talanta, 266, 125013 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Hussein H.A., Kandeil A., Gomaa M., Hassan R.Y.A., Double-Antibody-Based Nano-Biosensing System for the Onsite Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Microsystems and Nanoengineering, 9, 1-16 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Ibáñez-Redín G., Materon E.M., Furuta R.H.M., Wilson D., do Nascimento G.F., Melendez M.E., Carvalho A.L., Reis R.M., Oliveira O.N., Gonçalves D., Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Carbon Black and Polyelectrolyte Films for Determination of Cancer Marker Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9, Microchimica Acta, 187, 1-11 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Irimes M.B., Pusta A., Cernat A., Feier B., Tertis M., Cristea C., Buzoianu A.D., Oprean R., Multiplexed Electrochemical Sensing Devices for Chronic Diseases Diagnosis and Monitoring, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 172, 117560 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Jiang D., Chu Z., Peng J., Jin W., Screen-Printed Biosensor Chips with Prussian Blue Nanocubes for the Detection of Physiological Analytes, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 228, 679-687 (2016). Search in Google Scholar

Jiang Y., Chen X., Feng N., Miao P., Electrochemical Aptasensing of SARS-CoV-2 Based on Triangular Prism DNA Nanostructures and Dumbbell Hybridization Chain Reaction, Analytical Chemistry, 94, 14755-14760 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Jofr L., Morentin J., Olariu M.A., Herrero R., Astanei G., Filip T.A., Burlica R., Improving Printability of Polytetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE ) with the Help of Plasma Pre-Treatment, Polymers, 15, 3348 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Kandeepan Y., Subramaniyan P., Chen S.M., Kumaravel S., Selective and Sensitive Phenothiazine Sensor Based on Hexagonal CuO/Co3O4 Decorated on Reduced Graphene Oxide Catalyst, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 671, 131607 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Kavčič U., Karlovits I., The Influence of Process Parameters of Screen-Printed Invasive Plant Paper Electrodes on Cyclic Voltammetry, Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 35, 299-307 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Kavetskyy T., Smutok O., Goździuk-Gontarz M., Zgardzińska B., Kukhazh Y., Zubrytska K., Hoivanovych N., Šauša O., Demkiv O., Stasyuk N., Gonchar M., Ostrauskaite J., Kiv A., Katz E., Impact of Chemical Composition of Soybean Oil and Vanillin-Based Photocross-Linked Polymers on Parameters of Electrochemical Biosensors, Microchemical Journal, 201, 110618 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Keramari V., Karastogianni S., Girousi S., New Prospects in the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and Application of Novel Electrode Surfaces, Methods and Protocols, 6, 60 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Khan S., Ali S., Khan A., Wang B., Al-Ansari T., Bermak A., Substrate Treatment Evaluation and Their Impact on Printing Results for Wearable Electronics, Frontiers in Electronics, 2, 1-10 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Khanmohammadi A., Jalili Ghazizadeh A., Hashemi P., Afkhami A., Arduini F., Bagheri H., An Overview to Electrochemical Biosensors and Sensors for the Detection of Environmental Contaminants, Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 17, 2429-2447 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Kilic N.M., Singh S., Keles G., Cinti S., Kurbanoglu S., Odaci D., Novel Approaches to Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Nanobiosensors, Biosensors, 13, 622 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Kongkaew S., Kanatharana P., Thavarungkul P., Limbut W., Studying the Preparation, Electrochemical Performance Testing, Comparison and Application of a Cost-Effective Flexible Graphene Working Electrode, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 583, 487-498 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Kozak J., Tyszczuk-Rotko K., Wójciak M., Sowa I., Rotko M., Electrochemically Pretreated Sensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Modified with Pb Nanoparticles for Determination of Testosterone, Materials, 15, 4948 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Krammer O., Dušek K., Numerical Investigation on the Effect of the Printing Force and Squeegee Geometry on Stencil Printing, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 45, 188-193 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Kumar P., Rajan R., Upadhyaya K., Behl G., Xiang X.X., Huo P., Liu B., Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances and Future Prospectives, Environmental Research, 247, 118002 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Kusnin N., Yusof N.A., Mutalib N.A.A., Mohammad F., Abdullah J., Sabri S., Mustafa S., Saman A.F.M., Faudzi F.N.M., Soleiman A.A., Enhanced Electrochemical Conductivity of Surface-Coated Gold Nanoparticles/Copper Nanowires onto Screen-Printed Gold Electrode, Coatings, 12, 622 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Land K.J., Boeras D.I., Chen X.S., Ramsay A.R., Peeling R.W., REASSURED Diagnostics to Inform Disease Control Strategies, Strengthen Health Systems and Improve Patient Outcomes, Nature Microbiology, 4, 46-54 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Lerdsri J., Upan J., Jakmunee J., Nafion Mixed Carbon Nanotube Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode as a Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Quantification of Amitraz in Honey and Longan Samples, Electrochimica Acta, 410, 140050 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Li F., Xin L., Wang J., Chen W., Platinum Nanoparticles-Based Electrochemical H2O2 Sensor for Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing, Talanta, 281, 126835 (2025). Search in Google Scholar

Li H., Wang S., Dong X., Ding X., Sun Y., Tang H., Lu Y., Tang Y., Wu X., Recent Advances on Ink-Based Printing Techniques for Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Printable Inks, Printing Technologies and Applications, Nano Energy, 101, 107585 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Liu L., Shen Z., Zhang X., Ma H., Highly Conductive Graphene/Carbon Black Screen Printing Inks for Flexible Electronics, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 582, 12-21 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Long Y., Zhan Y., Hong S., Mahmud S., Liu H., Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes Modified with Poly(Amino Acids) for the Simultaneous Detection of Vitamin C and Paracetamol, ChemistrySelect, 9, e202303369 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Malla P., Liao H.P., Liu C.H., Wu W.C., Electrochemical Immunoassay for Serum Parathyroid Hormone Using Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode and Magnetic Beads, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 895, 115463 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Marra F., Minutillo S., Tamburrano A., Sarto M.S., Production and Characterization of Graphene Nanoplatelet-Based Ink for Smart Textile Strain Sensors via Screen Printing Technique, Materials and Design, 198, 109306 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Martins P., Pereira N., Lima A.C., Garcia A., Mendes-Filipe C., Policia R., Correia V., Lanceros-Mendez S., Advances in Printing and Electronics: From Engagement to Commitment, Advanced Functional Materials, 33, 2213744 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Mashat Z.B.A., Abdullah F., Wahab A.A., Shakhih M.F.M., Roslan A.S., Development Ofnon-Enzymatic Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Sensor for Glucose Using Cyclic Voltammetry, Environmental and Toxicology Management, 2, 14-20 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Mazzaracchio V., Bagheri N., Chiara F., Fiore L., Moscone D., Roggero S., Arduini F., A Smart Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Reliable Detection of Iron Ions in Serum, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 415, 1149-1157 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Mei Y., He C., Zeng W., Luo Y., Liu C., Yang M., Kuang Y., Lin X., Huang Q., Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogens Detection Based on Carbon Nanomaterials: Recent Advances and Challenges, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 15, 498-513 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Mendez-Rossal H.R., Wallner G.M., Printability and Properties of Conductive Inks on Primer-Coated Surfaces, International Journal of Polymer Science, 2019, 3874181 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Mincu N.B., Lazar V., Stan D., Mihailescu C.M., Iosub R., Mateescu A.L., Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPE) for in Vitro Diagnostic Purpose, Diagnostics, 10, 1-21 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Mohammadi S., Taher M.A., Beitollahi H., Treated Screen Printed Electrodes Based on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Nanoribbons for the Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Uric Acid, Electroanalysis, 32, 2036-2044 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Mohammadi S.Z., Asadollahzadeh H., Emambakhsh F., Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Sudan I in Food Products by Using Modified-Screen Printed Electrode, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 34, 1-11 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Moro G., Ferrari L., Angelini A., Polo F., An Impedimetric Biosensing Strategy Based on BicyclicPeptides as Bioreceptors for Monitoring H-UPA Cancer Biomarkers, Chemosensors, 11, 234 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Moru S., Sunil Kumar V., Kummari S., Yugender Goud K., A Disposable Screen Printed Electrodes with Hexagonal Ni(OH)2 Nanoplates Embedded Chitosan Layer for the Detection of Depression Biomarker, Micromachines, 14, 146 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Murilo Alves G., Soares Castro A., McCord B.R., de Oliveira M.F., MDMA Electrochemical Determination and Behavior at Carbon Screen-Printed Electrodes: Cheap Tools for Forensic Applications, Electroanalysis, 33, 635-642 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Naghian E., Marzi Khosrowshahi E., Sohouli E., Ahmadi F., Rahimi-Nasrabadi M., Safarifard V., A New Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Fentanyl Lethal Drug by a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified with the Open-Ended Channels of Zn(Ii)-MOF, New Journal of Chemistry, 44, 9271-9277 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Nasimi H., Madsen J.S., Zedan A.H., Malmendal A., Osther P.J.S., Alatraktchi F.A., Identification of Early Stage and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Using Electrochemical Detection of Beta-2-Microglobulin in Urine Samples from Patients, Scientific Reports, 13, 1-10 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Nasrollahpour H., Khalilzadeh B., Hasanzadeh M., Rahbarghazi R., Estrela P., Naseri A., Tasoglu S., Sillanpää M., Nanotechnology-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring Breast Cancer Biomarkers, Medicinal Research Reviews, 43, 464-569 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Nomura K. ichi, Ushijima H., Nagase K., Ikedo H., Mitsui R., Takahashi S., Nakajima S. ichiro, Iwata S., Fine Electrode Pattern Formation by Screen-Offset Printing Technique, 2014 International Conference on Electronics Packaging (ICEP), 2014. Toyama, Japan, pp. 275-278. Search in Google Scholar

O’Sullivan B., Patella B., Daly R., Seymour I., Robinson C., Lovera P., Rohan J., Inguanta R., O’Riordan A., A Simulation and Experimental Study of Electrochemical PH Control at Gold Interdigitated Electrode Arrays, Electrochimica Acta, 395, 139113 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Otoo J.A., Schlappi T.S., REASSURED Multiplex Diagnostics: A Critical Review and Forecast, Biosensors, 12, 124 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Paimard G., Ghasali E., Baeza M., Screen-Printed Electrodes: Fabrication, Modification, and Biosensing Applications, Chemosensors, 11, 113 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Pandey P.C., Yadav H.P., Shukla S., Narayan R.J., Electrochemical Sensing and Removal of Cesium from Water Using Prussian Blue Nanoparticle-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes, Chemosensors, 9, 253 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Panhwar S., Ilhan H., Hassan S.S., Zengin A., Boyacı I.H., Tamer U., Dual Responsive Disposable Electrode for the Enumeration of Escherichia Coli in Whole Blood, Electroanalysis, 32, 2244-2252 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Park S., Kim H., Kim J.H., Yeo W.H., Advanced Nanomaterials, Printing Processes, and Applications for Flexible Hybrid Electronics, Materials, 13, 1-34 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Parrilla M., Slosse A., Van Echelpoel R., Montiel N.F., Langley A.R., Van Durme F., De Wael K., Rapid On-Site Detection of Illicit Drugs in Smuggled Samples with a Portable Electrochemical Device, Chemosensors, 10, 108 (2022a). Search in Google Scholar

Parrilla M., Vanhooydonck A., Watts R., De Wael K., Wearable Wristband-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Phenylalanine in Biofluids, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 197, 113764 (2022b). Search in Google Scholar

Perdomo S.A., De la Paz E., Del Caño R., Seker S., Saha T., Wang J., Jaramillo-Botero A., Non-Invasive in-Vivo Glucose-Based Stress Monitoring in Plants, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 231, 115300 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Phair J.W., Lundberg M., Kaiser A., Leveling and Thixotropic Characteristics of Concentrated Zirconia Inks for Screen-Printing, Rheologica Acta, 48, 121-133 (2009). Search in Google Scholar

Pierini G.D., Maccio S.A., Robledo S.N., Ferrari A.G.M., Banks C.E., Fernández H., Zon M.A., Screen-Printed Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Taxifolin Determination in Edible Peanut Oils, Microchemical Journal, 159, 105442 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Potts S.J., Phillips C., Claypole T., Jewell E., The Effect of Carbon Ink Rheology on Ink Separation Mechanisms in Screen-Printing, Coatings, 10, 1-17 (2020a). Search in Google Scholar

Potts S.J., Phillips C., Jewell E., Clifford B., Lau Y.C., Claypole T., High-Speed Imaging the Effect of Snap-off Distance and Squeegee Speed on the Ink Transfer Mechanism of Screen-Printed Carbon Pastes, Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 17, 447-459 (2020b). Search in Google Scholar

Rahmati Z., Roushani M., Hosseini H., Choobin H., Electrochemical Immunosensor with Cu2O Nanocube Coating for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, Microchimica Acta, 188, 105 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Rao C.H., Avinash K., Varaprasad B.K.S.V.L., Goel S., A Review on Printed Electronics with Digital 3D Printing: Fabrication Techniques, Materials, Challenges and Future Opportunities, Journal of Electronic Materials, 51, 2747-2765 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Reinhardt K., Hofmann N., Eberstein M., The Importance of Shear Thinning, Thixotropic and Viscoelastic Properties of Thick Film Pastes to Predict Effects on Printing Performance, 2017 21st European Microelectronics and Packaging Conference (EMPC) & Exhibition, 2017, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 1–7. Search in Google Scholar

Riu J., Giussani B., Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria in Food, TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 126, 115863 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Romih T., Konjević I., Žibret L., Fazarinc I., Beltram A., Majer D., Finšgar M., Hočevar S.B., The Effect of Preconditioning Strategies on the Adsorption of Model Proteins onto Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes, Sensors, 22, 1-14 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Saputra H.A., Electrochemical Sensors: Basic Principles, Engineering, and State of the Art, Monatshefte fur Chemie, 154, 1083-1100 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Seitak A., Luo S., Cai N., Liao K., Pappa A.M., Lee S., Chan V., Emergence of MXene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Biomolecule and Pathogen Detection, Sensors and Actuators Reports, 6, 100175 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Şen M., Oğuz M., Avcı İ., Non-Toxic Flexible Screen-Printed MWCNT-Based Electrodes for Non-Invasive Biomedical Applications, Talanta, 268, 125341 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Sher M., Faheem A., Asghar W., Cinti S., Nano-Engineered Screen-Printed Electrodes: A Dynamic Tool for Detection of Viruses, TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 143, 116374 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Shi Z., Lu Y., Chen Z., Cheng C., Xu J., Zhang Q., Yan Z., Luo Z., Liu Q., Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Sensing of Glycoside Toxins by Boronic Acid Functionalized Nano-Composites on Screen-Printed Electrode, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, 329, 129197 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Shitanda I., Komoda M., Hoshi Y., Itagaki M., Screen-Printed Paper-Based Three-Electrode System with Long-Term Stable and Instantaneously Usable Reference Electrode, Chemistry Letters, 47, 1502-1504 (2018). Search in Google Scholar

Shitanda I., Miyazaki K., Loew N., Esaka R., Hoshi Y., Itagaki M., A Screen-Printed Three-Electrode-Type Sticker Device with an Accurate Liquid Junction-Type Reference Electrode, Chemical Communications, 57, 2875-2878 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Silva R.M., Dias da Silva A., Camargo J.R., Santos de Castro B., Meireles L.M., Soares Silva P., Janegitz B.C., Silva T.A., Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing Applications, Biosensors, 13, 453 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Singh N., Dkhar D.S., Chandra P., Azad U.P., Nanobiosensors Design Using 2D Materials: Implementation in Infectious and Fatal Disease Diagnosis, Biosensors, 13, 166 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Song X., Fredj Z., Zheng Y., Zhang H., Rong G., Bian S., Sawan M., Biosensors for Waterborne Virus Detection: Challenges and Strategies, Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 13, 1252-1268 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Suresh R.R., Lakshmanakumar M., Arockia Jayalatha J.B.B., Rajan K.S., Sethuraman S., Krishnan U.M., Rayappan J.B.B., Fabrication of Screen-Printed Electrodes: Opportunities and Challenges, Journal of Materials Science, 56, 8951-9006 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Tajik S., Beitollahi H., Mohammadi S.Z., Azimzadeh M., Zhang K., Van Le Q., Yamauchi Y., Jang H.W., Shokouhimehr M., Recent Developments in Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Hydrazine with Different Modified Electrodes, RSC Advances, 10, 30481-30498 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Talbi M., Al-Hamry A., Teixeira P.R., Paterno L.G., Ali M. Ben, Kanoun O., Enhanced Nitrite Detection by a Carbon Screen Printed Electrode Modified with Photochemically-Made AuNPs, Chemosensors, 10, 40 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Torres-Rivero, Karina, Torralba-Cadena, Lourdes, Espriu-Gascon, Alexandra, Casas, Ignasi, Bastos-Arieta, Julio, Florido A., Strategies for Surface Modification with Ag-Shaped Nanoparticles : Electrocatalytic Enhancement of Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Detection Of, Sensors, 19, 1-14 (2019). Search in Google Scholar

Torres‐Rivero K., Florido A., Bastos‐Arrieta J., Recent Trends in the Improvement of the Electrochemical Response of Screen‐printed Electrodes by Their Modification with Shaped Metal Nanoparticles, Sensors, 21, 2596 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Trachioti M.G., Lazanas A.C., Prodromidis M.I., Shedding Light on the Calculation of Electrode Electroactive Area and Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constants at Graphite Screen-Printed Electrodes, Microchimica Acta, 190, 1-14 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Trandabat A., Arcire A., Postolache O., Mandoc R.L., Vasilache N., A Study on Of-the-Shelf Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes as Nitrogenous Species Detectors, International Symposium “THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE INDUSTRY”, E-SIMI 2021, 2021, pp. 15–16. Search in Google Scholar

Trandabat A., Arcide A., Mandoc R.L., Aradoaiei M., Enhancement of a ZnO/PANI Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode with Gold Nanoparticles for Carbon Monoxide Sensing, International Symposium “THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE INDUSTRY”, E-SIMI 2022, 2022a, pp. 73–74. Search in Google Scholar

Trandabat A., Arcire A., Patrascu G., Saridache A.D.N., Gheorghian G.M., Hogas I., Schreiner C.M., A Non-Enzymatic Chronoamperometric Glucose Sensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE) Modified with Maghemite Magnetic Nanoparticles via Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), 2022 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), 2022b, Iași, Romania, pp. 269-274. Search in Google Scholar

Trandabat A., Arcire A., Ciobanu R.C., Plopa O., Aradoaei M., Olteanu A., Mona M.A.A., Design and Modeling Considerations for Developing a Millimolar Oxalic Acid Detection Sensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode and Methilbenzenpirol, 2022 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), 2022c, Iași, Romania, pp. 245-252. Search in Google Scholar

Truta F., Garcia Cruz A., Tertis M., Zaleski C., Adamu G., Allcock N.S., Suciu M., Ștefan M.G., Kiss B., Piletska E., De Wael K., Piletsky S.A., Cristea C., NanoMIPs-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Selective Detection of Amphetamine, Microchemical Journal, 191, 108821 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Veenuttranon K., Kaewpradub K., Jeerapan I., Screen-Printable Functional Nanomaterials for Flexible and Wearable Single-Enzyme-Based Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Biosensing Devices, Nano-Micro Letters, 15, 1-16 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Venkateswara Raju C., Hwan Cho C., Mohana Rani G., Manju V., Umapathi R., Suk Huh Y., Pil Park J., Emerging Insights into the Use of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for the Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 476, 214920 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Wang J., Xu S., Sun P., Du H., Wang L., Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode by RF-Plasma-Assisted Polypyrrole Modification, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 33, 19923-19936 (2022a). Search in Google Scholar

Wang R.F., Wang R., Modification of Polyacrylonitrile-Derived Carbon Nanofibers and Bacteriophages on Screen-Printed Electrodes: A Portable Electrochemical Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Escherichia Coli, Bioelectrochemistry, 148, 108229 (2022b). Search in Google Scholar

Wang W., Wang X., Cheng N., Luo Y., Lin Y., Xu W., Du D., Recent Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Pesticides Detection, TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 132, 116041 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Wei L., Alias Y., Krisma P., Meng P., Recent Advances in Amino Acid-Based Electrode Fabrication Strategies for Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions, Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 41, e00225 (2024). Search in Google Scholar

Wisitsoraat A., Mensing J.P., Karuwan C., Sriprachuabwong C., Jaruwongrungsee K., Phokharatkul D., Daniels T.M., Liewhiran C., Tuantranont A., Printed Organo-Functionalized Graphene for Biosensing Applications, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 87, 7-17 (2017). Search in Google Scholar

Wu J., Liu H., Chen W., Ma B., Ju H., Device Integration of Electrochemical Biosensors, Nature Reviews Bioengineering, 1, 346-360 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Xu C., Willenbacher N., How Rheological Properties Affect Fine-Line Screen Printing of Pastes: A Combined Rheological and High-Speed Video Imaging Study, Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 15, 1401-1412 (2018). Search in Google Scholar

Yoon S., Kim H.K., Cost-Effective Stretchable Ag Nanoparticles Electrodes Fabrication by Screen Printing for Wearable Strain Sensors, Surface and Coatings Technology, 384, 125308 (2020). Search in Google Scholar

Yuksel M., Luo W., McCloy B., Mills J., Kayaharman M., Yeow J.T.W., A Precise and Rapid Early Pregnancy Test: Development of a Novel and Fully Automated Electrochemical Point-of-Care Biosensor for Human Urine Samples, Talanta, 254, 124156 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Zavanelli N., Yeo W.H., Advances in Screen Printing of Conductive Nanomaterials for Stretchable Electronics, ACS Omega, 6, 9344-9351 (2021). Search in Google Scholar

Zhang J., Ahmadi M., Fargas G., Perinka N., Reguera J., Lanceros-Méndez S., Llanes L., Jiménez-Piqué E., Silver Nanoparticles for Conductive Inks: From Synthesis and Ink Formulation to Their Use in Printing Technologies, Metals, 12, 234 (2022). Search in Google Scholar

Zheng H., Guo Z., Zhu W., Li D., Pu Z., Electrode Manufacturing Based on Printing: A Mini Review, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 128, 2813-2824 (2023). Search in Google Scholar

Zhu W., Yu H., Pu Z., Guo Z., Zheng H., Li C., Zhang X., Li J., Li D., Effect of Interstitial Fluid PH on Transdermal Glucose Extraction by Reverse Iontophoresis, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 235, 115406 (2023). Search in Google Scholar