Open Access

Can We Improve the Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Children? A Possible Study Protocol


Cite

1. Ortega FB, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2016;118:1752–1770.10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.30688327230640 Search in Google Scholar

2. Falkner B. Monitoring and management of hypertension with obesity in adolescents. Integr Blood Press Control 2017;10:33-9.10.2147/IBPC.S125094570076329200886 Search in Google Scholar

3. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. World Health Org. Avalible from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. Search in Google Scholar

4. Facts and figures on childhood obesity [Internet]. World Health Org. Avalible from: https://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/facts/en/. Search in Google Scholar

5. Abdullah A, Wolfe R, Stoelwinder JU, de Courten M, Stevenson C, Walls HL, Peeters A. The number of years lived with obesity and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:985–996. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr018.10.1093/ije/dyr01821357186 Search in Google Scholar

6. Cuda SE, Censani M. Pediatric Obesity Algorithm: A Practical Approach to Obesity Diagnosis and Management. Front Pediatr. 2019 Jan 23;6:431. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00431.10.3389/fped.2018.00431635147530729102 Search in Google Scholar

7. Weir CB, Jan A. BMI Classification Percentile And Cut Off Points. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019-.2019 Apr 20. Search in Google Scholar

8. Zhao Y, Wang L, Xue B, Wang Y. Associations between general and central obesity and hypertension among children: The Childhood Obesity Study in China Mega-Cities. Sci Rep. 2017;7:16895.10.1038/s41598-017-16819-y571512029203818 Search in Google Scholar

9. Mameli, C.; Krakauer, N.Y.; Krakauer, J.C.; Bosetti, A.; Ferrari, C.M.; Moiana, N.; Schneider, L.; Borsani, B.; Genoni, T.; Zuccotti, G. The association between a body shape index and cardiovascular risk in overweight and obese children and adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0190426.10.1371/journal.pone.0190426575202829298340 Search in Google Scholar

10. Akın O, Arslan M, Haymana C, Karabulut E, Hacihamdioglu B, Yavuz ST. Association of neck circumference and pulmonary function in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119:27–30.10.1016/j.anai.2017.04.01828527867 Search in Google Scholar

11. Floras J. S. 2018. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res. 122:1741–1764.10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.31078329880501 Search in Google Scholar

12. Castro J, García-Espinosa V, Curcio S, et al. Childhood obesity associates haemodynamic and vascular changes that result in increased central aortic pressure with augmented incident and reflected wave components, without changes in peripheral amplification. International Journal of Vascular Medicine. 2016;2016:8. doi: 10.1155/2016/3129304.3129304. Search in Google Scholar

13. Mangner N, Scheuermann K, Winzer E, et al. Childhood obesity: impact on cardiac geometry and function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:1198-1205.10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.08.00625306542 Search in Google Scholar

14. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Executive summary of the (NCEP) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol în Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) în Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-421.10.1161/circ.106.25.3143 Search in Google Scholar

15. Jago R, Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Edelstein S, El Ghormli L, Bassin S. Prevalence of abnormal lipid and blood pressure values among an ethnically diverse population of eighth-grade adolescents and screening implications. Pediatrics. 2006;117:2065–2073.10.1542/peds.2005-1716271656216740849 Search in Google Scholar

16. Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, et al. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) 2008-2010 and 2010-2012 Committees ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011;32(14):1769-818. Search in Google Scholar

17. Niroumand S, Khajedaluee M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Abrishami M, Juya M, Khodaee G, et al. Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP): A marker of cardiovascular disease. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29:240. Search in Google Scholar

18. Zhu X, Yu L, Zhou H, Ma Q, Zhou X, Lei T, Hu J, Xu W, Yi N, Lei S. Atherogenic index of plasma is a novel and better biomarker associated with obesity: a population-based cross-sectional study in China. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12944-018-0686-8.10.1186/s12944-018-0686-8583642829506577 Search in Google Scholar

19. Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, et al.; American Diabetes Association. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:753–759.10.2337/dc07-992017327355 Search in Google Scholar

20. Einarson TR, Acs A, Ludwig C, Panton UH. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2018;17(1):83–101. doi: 10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6.10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6599406829884191 Search in Google Scholar

21. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.10.1007/BF002808833899825 Search in Google Scholar

22. Orlando A., Cazzaniga E., Giussani M., Palestini P., Genovesi S. Hypertension in Children: Role of Obesity, Simple Carbohydrates, and Uric Acid. Front. Public Health. 2018;6:129. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00129.10.3389/fpubh.2018.00129594363229774210 Search in Google Scholar

23. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107(3):391-397.10.1161/01.CIR.0000055014.62083.05 Search in Google Scholar

24. Tracy RP, Lemaitre RN, Psaty BM, et al. Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Rural Health Promotion Project. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17(6):1121-1127.10.1161/01.ATV.17.6.11219194763 Search in Google Scholar

25. Lee KK, Cipriano LE, Owens DK, Go AS, Hlatky MA. Cost-effectiveness of using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to identify intermediate- and low-cardiovascular-risk individuals for statin therapy. Circulation. 2010;122:1478-87. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.947960.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.94796020876434 Search in Google Scholar

26. Buyukkaya E, Karakas MF, Karakas E, Akcay AB, Tanboga IH, Kurt M, et al. Correlation of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio with the presence and severity of metabolic syndrome. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014;20(2):159-63.10.1177/107602961245967522992349 Search in Google Scholar

27. Bhat T, Teli S, Rijal J, Bhat H, Raza M, Khoueiry G, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: a review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013;11:55-9.10.1586/erc.12.15923259445 Search in Google Scholar

28. Prats-Puig A, Gispert-Saüch M, Díaz-Roldán F, Carreras-Badosa G, Osiniri I, Planella-Colomer M, et al.. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: an inflammation marker related to cardiovascular risk in children. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114:727–34. 10.1160/TH15-01-0037.10.1160/TH15-01-003726224329 Search in Google Scholar

29. Aydin M, Yilmaz A, Donma MM, Tulubas F, Demirkol M, Erdogan M, et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in obese adolescents. North Clin Istanb. 2015;2:87–91.10.14744/nci.2015.25238517510128058347 Search in Google Scholar

30. Furuncuoğlu Y, Tulgar S, Dogan AN, Cakar S, Tulgar, YK, Cakiroglu B. How obesity affects the neutrophil/lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammatory index and platelet indices: A retrospective study. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016;20:1300-1306. Search in Google Scholar

31. Balta S, Celik T, Mikhailidis DP, et al. The relation between atherosclerosis and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2016;22(5):405–411. doi: 10.1177/1076029615569568.10.1177/107602961556956825667237 Search in Google Scholar

32. Iacomino et al. Iacomino G, Russo P, Marena P, Lauria F, Venezia A, Ahrens W, De Henauw S, De Luca P, Foraita R, Gunther K, Lissner L, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Tornaritis M, Veidebaum T, Siani A. Circulating microRNAs are associated with early childhood obesity: results of the I.Family Study. Genes & Nutrition. 2019;14 doi: 10.1186/s12263-018-0622-6. Article 2.10.1186/s12263-018-0622-6632741330651891 Search in Google Scholar

33. Weberruß H, Pirzer R, Böhm B, Dalla Pozza R, Netz H, Oberhoffer R. Intima-media thickness and arterial function in obese and non-obese children. BMC Obes 3: 2, 2016. doi:10.1186/s40608-016-0081-9.10.1186/s40608-016-0081-9470671526798485 Search in Google Scholar

34. Epifanio M, Baldisserotto M, Sarria EE, Lazaretti A, Mattiello R. Ultrasound evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness in children. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2015;22: 1141-1147.10.5551/jat.2928026040604 Search in Google Scholar

35. Nunez F, Martinez-Costa C, Sanchez-Zahonero J, Morata J, Chorro FJ, Brines J. Carotid artery stiffness as an early marker of vascular lesions in children and adolescents with cardiovascular risk factors. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63:1253-1260. Search in Google Scholar

36. Viazzi F, Leoncini G, Derchi LE, Pontremoli R. Ultrasound Doppler renal resistive index: a useful tool for the management of the hypertensive patient. J Hypertens. 2014;32:149-153.10.1097/HJH.0b013e328365b29c386802624172238 Search in Google Scholar

37. Yu CM, Sanderson JE, Marwick TH, Oh JK. Tissue Doppler imaging a new prognosticator for cardiovascular diseases. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007;49:1903-1914. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.078.10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.07817498573 Search in Google Scholar

38. Hernandez-Suarez DF, López-Candales A. Strain imaging echocardiography. What imaging cardiologists should know. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2016;12:1-12. doi: 10.2174/1573403X12666161028122649.10.2174/1573403X12666161028122649545214827799029 Search in Google Scholar

39. Saeed M, Van TA, Krug R, Hetts SW, Wilson MW. Cardiac MR imaging: current status and future direction. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2015;5(4):290-310. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.06.07. Search in Google Scholar

40. Eloi JC, Epifanio M, de Gonçalves MM, Pellicioli A, Vieira PF, Dias HB, Bruscato N, Soder RB, Santana JC, Mouzaki M, et al. Quantification of abdominal fat in obese and healthy adolescents using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and free software for image analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0167625. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167625.10.1371/journal.pone.0167625 Search in Google Scholar

41. de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:660±667. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043497.10.2471/BLT.07.043497 Search in Google Scholar

42. Wunsch R., de Sousa G., Toschke A.M., Reinehr T. Intima-media thickness in obese children before and after weight loss. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2334-2340. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0302.10.1542/peds.2006-0302 Search in Google Scholar

43. Wang R, Chen PJ, Chen WH. Diet and exercise improve neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in overweight adolescents. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32:982-6.10.1055/s-0031-1283185 Search in Google Scholar

44. Vrablik M, Dobiasova M, Zlatohlavek L, Urbanova Z, Ceska R. Biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in obese/overweight children: effect of lifestyle intervention. Physiol Res. 2014;63(6):743-52.10.33549/physiolres.932895 Search in Google Scholar

45. Kononenko I. Machine learning for medical diagnosis: history, state of the art and perspective. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 2001;23(1):89-109. doi: 10.1016/s0933-3657(01)00077-x.10.1016/S0933-3657(01)00077-X Search in Google Scholar

46. Krittanawong C, Zhang H, Wang Z, Aydar M, Kitai T. Artificial Intelligence in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(21):2657-64.10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.57128545640 Search in Google Scholar

47. Hwang M, Leem CH, Shim EB. Toward a grey box approach for cardiovascular physiome. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2019;23:305-310.10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.5.305671778631496867 Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2285-7079
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Assistive Professions, Nursing, Basic Medical Science, other, Clinical Medicine