- Journal Details
- Format
- Journal
- eISSN
- 2444-8656
- First Published
- 01 Jan 2016
- Publication timeframe
- 2 times per year
- Languages
- English
With the advancement of urbanisation process in cities, the disarranged outward extension of city results in a great many lands being wasted, and the concept of stock planning comes with it. When existing old urban districts are renovated, the inefficiently used lands in the city have become an emphasis during renovation and transformation [1].
It is difficult to determine the inefficient urban land use in China also to identify them due the lack of policy support and strict quantitative criterion. However, existing studies on inefficient urban land use basically analyse from policy and institutional system, which seldom has been implemented in practice or provides specific strategies and methods for renovating inefficiently used lands [2].
In the studies of inefficient land use, the data source generally comes from the traditional data of departments and industries as well as the open-sourcing big data, and the data is processed by spatial overlay research method. Numerous analysis methods are highly persuasive, but the data suitable for establishing legal high-level planning is still limited.
As the way of land transfer changes and the land supply falls short of demand, the urban renovation and transformation process is accelerated to revitalise urban stock lands. In the process of such transformation, a lot of lands will face to use change and plot ratio increase, the land transformation cost will also be greatly reduced due to the change of transformation methods, thus the inefficient stock lands will show assets premium. The large-scale land premium makes it hard to study the land price estimation, influencing the determination of inefficient land use.
First, the cities may be at different urbanisation stages, so it is unable to assign a uniform standard for the determination of inefficient land use. Second, in view of China's urbanisation development situation, the regional urbanisation development displays an obvious unbalanced condition, and the studies of inefficient land use couldn’t provide a uniform judging data yet [3].
Under the background of ‘city disease’ caused by national land space planning and the generation of megacities, city examination rises at this right moment. City Examination refers to the quantitative analysis and evaluation on such problems as traffic circulation, employer-resident relationship, environmental health and public service in the city development process. The determination and excavation of inefficient urban land use is an essential content of city examination and also a breakthrough of city renovation and transformation. Therefore, taking city examination as a viewing angle to identify and judge inefficient urban land use is a question worthy of inquiry [4].
According to the current situation of urban land use, the multi-factor superposition method is used to evaluate the inefficient degree of land and designate the inefficient degree partition of land use. In future, these lands will be reconstructed moderately to quicken urban renovation process and reduce renovating cost. The research idea and steps are shown in the diagram are shown in Figure 1 [5].
Fig. 1
Framework of evaluation index system for ineffective urban land use.
The determination of inefficient urban land use is a complex comprehensive evaluation system affected by multiple factors. On one hand, it is necessary to take an overall consideration of the internal renovation factors of a city, including subjective judgement kind and objective quantitation kind; on the other hand, proper methods should be selected to integrate various factors, so as to obtain an objective and comprehensive assessment.
Urban land is a complicated system; the judgement of it can be influenced by many factors, so the evaluation system should be hierarchical to a certain extent. Thus, according to the basic theory of the system theory, we have to differentiate the subsystems of different influencing factors and choose specific evaluation indicators according to different subsystem's target and requirement. By referring to relative studies, an ‘target layer-criterion layer-index layer’ evaluation index system framework was established, which took the influencing factors of city examination as the subsystem of criterion layer and chose specific evaluation indexes according to the factors affecting the inefficiency of urban land use.
The evaluation index of inefficient urban land use contains subjective judgement indexes and objective quantitation indexes, i.e. qualitative indexes and quantitative indexes. In the process of index selection and quantitation, the basic situation of the city should be considered and linked up with prevailing code standard. Through field survey, the evaluation indexes of subjective judgement can be quantified as far as possible, intuitively reflecting the actual situation of city construction land and improving the index system operability. The objective quantitation indexes can be obtained from the data information of relevant government departments and statistical organs.
The basic framework of three hierarchies namely target layer, criterion layer and index layer has been established as shown in Table 1. Therein, the target layer shows the comprehensive indexes for evaluating inefficient urban land use; the criterion layer shows the analytical results of influencing factors, including such three aspects, that's ‘sharing’, ‘coordinating’ and ‘green’; the index layer shows the specific expression indexes of each criterion indexes, finally, a three-layer evaluation index system was built step-by-step from specific indexes.
List of evaluation index system of inefficient urban land use.
| Evaluation on inefficient urban land use | Sharing | Distance to public service facility, primary and secondary schools, commercial facility, and arterial traffic |
| Coordination | Construction quality, plot ratio, renovating cost, population density | |
| Green | Green coverage ratio, central greenbelt coverage ratio | |
Based on summarising and analysing existing evaluation index system, integrated with existing judgement principle of inefficient urban land use and the latest evaluation indexes of city examination and by consulting professionals and scholars, ten evaluation indexes were screened out finally, and an evaluation index system of inefficient urban land use was built with target layer, criterion layer and index layer for such three influencing factors as sharing, coordination and green. Among them, the sharing criterion layer takes the convenience degree of the land reaching surrounding infrastructures into consideration, including the distance to public service facility, primary and secondary schools, large-scale commercial facility and arterial traffic [6, 7]; the coordination criterion layer contains facility immovability, construction quality, plot ratio, renovating cost and population density [8]; the green criterion layer contains river and lake water coverage ratio, green coverage ratio and central greenbelt coverage ratio [9,10]. These indexes not only cover quantitative indexes such as plot ratio and green coverage ratio, but also cover some qualitative indexes such as construction quality. So the index quantification methods and standards are also different (Table 1).
According to above-mentioned evaluation method of inefficient urban land use and based on AHP method, the multi-layer analytical structure model, judgement matrix, weight calculation and consistency check were established to confirm the weight of evaluation indexes of inefficient urban land use.
The evaluation index system of inefficient urban land use is hierarchical, and a hierarchical structure model was established based on three layers: target layer, criterion layer and index layer (Figure 2).
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of AHP hierarchical structure model of inefficient urban land use evaluation.
This paper built a two-layer judgement matrix: target layer-criterion layer, and criterion layer-index layer. In the judgement matrix, Xab aims at the relative importance of item a to item b of each criterion layer in the target layer, or the relative importance of item a to item b of each index layer in the criterion layer. To improve the accuracy of judgement matrix, the relative importance of the two sides of each index was determined through multiple experts.
As there is strong subjectivity when scoring by using analytic hierarchy process method, this study adopted the Delphi method to obtain the opinion of different experts about the importance degree between each evaluation indexes, and used the 1–9 scale method established by American Operations Researcher A.L. Saaty to give grade (Table 2), so as to eliminate the subjectivity caused by using analytic hierarchy process to determine index weight and make index weight to be more objective and accurate.
1–9 scale scoring table.
| Index A's evaluation value | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/7 | 1/9 |
| Index B's evaluation value | 1/9 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
| Remark | Take 8, 6, 4, 2, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8 as the medians of above evaluation values | ||||||||
After completing the scoring of criterion layer and factor layer, the YAAHP software was used to figure out the weights of each evaluation index of criterion layer and factor layer (Table 3).
Weights of each evaluation index of criterion layer and factor layer.
| Inefficient urban land use | Sharing 0.2617 | Distance to public service facility | 0.0413 |
| Distance to primary and secondary schools | 0.0275 | ||
| Distance to arterial traffic | 0.1377 | ||
| Distance to commercial facility | 0.0551 | ||
| Coordination 0.5179 | Population density | 0.1007 | |
| Construction quality | 0.1726 | ||
| Renovating cost | 0.1151 | ||
| Plot ratio | 0.1295 | ||
| Central greenbelt coverage ratio | 0.0315 | ||
| Green 0.2204 | Green coverage ratio | 0.1889 | |
It can be discovered from the weights of each evaluation index that the effect of three kinds of influencing factors of inefficient urban land use can be sorted from largest to smallest which is: coordination > sharing > green, and the land properties such as construction quality and plot ratio indexes have the greatest effect on the inefficiency of urban construction land; the secondary greatest effect on the use efficiency of urban construction land is the accessibility of public facility. Specifically, the green coverage ratio, construction quality and plot ratio indexes have great impact on the use efficiency of urban construction land, which could also reflect the important approaches of internal renovation of a city.
It is known from the evaluation index system of inefficient urban land use that the evaluation indexes include quantitative and qualitative indexes. Through investigating the defined basic requirement of the multi-factor superposition evaluation method, the quantification method of each evaluation index was discussed, and finally the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to determine the value of each evaluation index, which can effectively handle with the unification and standardisation problem of quantitative and qualitative indexes. The basic idea of quantifying evaluation indexes by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is: first, build an evaluation semantic set {extremely inefficient, slightly inefficient, inefficient, slightly efficient, extremely efficient}, and assign their corresponding values as {1, 3, 5,7, 9}, in which, the larger the value is, the higher the land use efficiency is, and the more improper such land is to be redeveloped; second, according to the actual value of evaluation indexes as well as the index classification standards of relevant studies and norms, the efficiency class of evaluation index was established, and each land block was assigned a land use efficiency value uniformly. The specific index standard is shown as below.
Sharing criterion measures the accessibility of current land block to various facilities, mainly referring to four indexes determined by the service radius of various facilities in the facility classification and norm specified in the Code of Practice for City Examination & Evaluation in Spatial Planning. The land with far distance with various facilities has low availability efficiency and poor habitability. The specific index quantification and value are shown in Table 4 [11].
Classification table for land use efficiency value of indexes in sharing criterion layer.
| Distance to public service facility (m) | 1000–2000 | 500–1000 | 200–500 | <200 | >2000 |
| Distance to primary and secondary schools (m) | >2000 | 1000–2000 | 500–1000 | 200–500 | <200 |
| Distance to arterial traffic (m) | >400 | 200–400 | 100–200 | 50–100 | <50 |
| Distance to commercial facility (km) | >5 | 3–5 | 2–3 | 1–2 | <1 |
Coordination criterion layer measures the economic value of current land block, and the economic value is always reflected in renovation cost. The low the renovation cost is, the easier the land block is to renovate, otherwise, the higher the renovation is, the more improper such land block is to renovate. While the renovation cost is influenced by land price, construction quality and population composition, and the renovation cost class of each land block is primarily determined by referring to local comprehensive land price standard and the real estate transaction price of each community in second-hand housing transaction website. Besides, the larger the population density of a land block is, the higher the renovation and removal cost will be, and the more disadvantageous it will be to the redevelopment and reconstruction. The specific index quantification value is shown in Table 5 [12].
Classification table for land use efficiency value of indexes in coordination criterion layer.
| Population density | Very low | Lower | Average | Higher | Very high |
| Construction quality | Very poor | Poor | Average | Good | Very good |
| Renovation cost | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | Level 5 |
| Plot ratio | >2.0 | 1.5–2.0 | 1.0–1.5 | 0.5–1.0 | <0.5 |
Green criterion layer measures the green situation of current land block. The smaller the green coverage ratio of a land block is, the more proper it is to be redeveloped and reconstructed. And the poorer the accessibility of a land block to central greenbelt is, the more prior it should be redeveloped and renovated. The specific index quantification value is shown in Table 6.
Classification table for land use efficiency value of indexes in green criterion layer.
| Central greenbelt coverage ratio (m) | >2000 | 1500–2000 | 1000–1500 | 500–1000 | <500 |
| Green coverage ratio (%) | <5 | 5–15 | 15–25 | 25–35 | >35 |
Taking the land block classification of land usage in urban master planning as the fundamental zoning method is easier to quantify the land block property, which is feasible to the zoning of comprehensive index of urban construction land use inefficiency. So, the CAD file of land usage is input in ArcGIS software, and the category is set as 4 by using classification function, then the urban land use efficiency is classified into four grades according to [1, 3], (3, 5], (5, 7] and (7, 9] [13].
The Suiling County is selected to explore and verify this method. The spatial data used in this article is the overall planning of central downtown status map of Suiling County in 2010. First, the land blocks were divided in ArcGIS according to topographic map and central downtown status map, and a total of 560 land blocks in construction land unit of Suiling County were vectorised edited (in case of a larger range, the land blocks can be numbered in detail according to administrative district). Then, the ID of each planning unit was edited and input as the spatial basis for further evaluation of inefficient urban land use (Figure 3).
Fig. 3
Vectorised schematic diagram of internal construction land for central downtown in Suiling County.
In the design process of construction land efficiency database or central downtown in Suiling County, each evaluation unit was coded orderly as the ID code's associate attribute data and spatial data; according to evaluation indexes of inefficient urban land use, the field was designed as LAND (current land usage), BUILDING (construction quality), FAR (plot ratio), COST (renovation cost), POP (population density), GREEN (green coverage ratio), etc. With the above process, the internal stock land database of central downtown in Suiling County was established, with all data visualised by field selection and editing, and Spatial Analyst tool can be used to perform spatial analysis on inefficient land use.
The status urban construction land of central downtown in Suiling County is primarily a residential land and industrial land. Residential land mainly available on the east part of central downtown, while industrial land on the west part of central downtown, spreading along both sides of railway. Through extracting and sorting the online map's POI data, the current distribution of primary and secondary schools, medical and health care facilities, and city-level commercial facilities within central downtown in Suiling County was obtained (Figure 4). After performing an spatial analysis on the accessibility of primary and secondary schools, from the spatial distribution, the accessibility of central commercial facilities is better which basically covers the residential area, and only a few industrial districts have a poor accessibility (Figure 5); the coverage of public service facilities is weaker than central commercial facilities, a part of central residential area is also far from public service facilities (Figure 6); the coverage of primary and secondary schools is even smaller, and a part of residential area also has a poorer accessibility (Figure 7).
Fig. 4
Public facility distribution in Suiling County.
Fig. 5
Distribution of distance factor evaluation of central commercial facilities.
Fig. 6
Distribution of distance factor evaluation of public service facilities.
Fig. 7
Distribution of distance factor evaluation of primary and secondary schools.
In Suiling central downtown status map, there is one urban railway and three arterial roads (Figure 8). Through the spatial analysis of arterial roads and by calculating the buffer zone of different distances, it can be said that the south and north sides of the city are far from urban arterial roads, with poor accessibility (Figure 9).
Fig. 8
Distribution of urban arterial roads.
Fig. 9
Distribution of distance factor evaluation of arterial roads.
In 2010, the permanent resident population was 96,000 in central downtown of Suiling County. The basic population density was determined according to land use and permanent resident population proportion. Taking this as a standard, the population density level can be determined combing with land usage, community occupancy rate and current resident population (Figure 10); the plot ratio of land blocks in Suiling is higher in residential area, in which the high-rises have the highest ratio, reaching up to above 2.0 (Figure 11).
Fig. 10
Distribution of population distribution factor evaluation.
Fig. 11
Distribution of plot ratio factor evaluation.
In Suiling County, the construction quality is the best in central residential area, general in surrounding industrial area and the poorest in shanty area around the city (Figure 12); by referring to the influence of construction quality and land price and integrating with the comprehensive land price standard in Suiling, the renovation cost is classified into five grades (Figure 13).
Fig. 12
Distribution of construction quality factor evaluation.
Fig. 13
Distribution of renovation cost factor evaluation.
Based on the green distribution map in national geographic information system, the green coverage evaluation factor distribution was obtained, in which the green coverage rate of newly built communities, park and greenbelts is higher (Figure 14); though extracting and sorting the online map's POI data, the position and range of central greenbelts were extracted, the Select Layer By Location of ArcGIS was used to select the service range of central greenbelts, and the residential area around central greenbelts shows good accessibility, while the industrial area shows a poor accessibility to central greenbelts (Figure 15).
Fig. 14
Distribution of green coverage factor evaluation.
Fig. 15
Distribution of central greenbelt coverage factor evaluation.
The ultimate purpose of inefficiency evaluation of central downtown construction land in Suiling County is to obtain the inefficiency composite index of each planning unit. Referring to relevant studies, the multi-factor superposition method was used to calculate and the weight was given appropriately according to the impact degree of different evaluation indexes on evaluation target, then the evaluation indexes applied with weighted superposition analysis to obtain the comprehensive index of redevelopment potential (Table 7). The land use quantity of each level in Suiling County is shown in Table 8.
Summary of comprehensive index of inefficient land use in Suiling County.
| Suiling County | SL-01 | 7.8441 |
| SL-02 | 7.7891 | |
| SL-03 | 5.6765 | |
| . . . | . . . | |
| SL-559 | 2.4577 | |
| SL-560 | 2.3153 | |
Classification of central downtown's construction land use efficiency grade in Suiling County.
| Land block No./piece | 68 | 242 | 160 | 91 |
According to the evaluation results of inefficient urban land use, the higher the comprehensive index of target layer is, the more efficient the urban construction land use in Suiling County will be, otherwise, the lower the comprehensive index is, the more inefficient the urban construction land use will be. The comprehensive index of all land blocks in Suiling County is marked as 5.04, indicating a high efficiency in over land use but still with room for improvement. Viewing from spatial distribution, the efficient districts focus on the residential area in southeast part of the city, and the inefficient districts focus on the industrial area and wild land around the city. By comparing the status land usage, it can be discovered that the lands with higher land use efficiency composite index are mainly class-II residential land; while the lands with lower land use efficiency composite index are mainly industrial lands, class-III residential lands and shanty area (Figure 16).
Fig. 16
Comprehensive index distribution of construction land use efficiency of central downtown in Suiling County.
This set of index system has been verified by inefficient urban land use evaluation system under the background of city examination, which highly coincides with the direction and framework of status of inefficient urban land use. This indicates the indexes selected are effective and accurate and of certain significance to the preliminary determination of inefficient urban land use direction and range.
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Weights of each evaluation index of criterion layer and factor layer.
| Inefficient urban land use | Sharing 0.2617 | Distance to public service facility | 0.0413 |
| Distance to primary and secondary schools | 0.0275 | ||
| Distance to arterial traffic | 0.1377 | ||
| Distance to commercial facility | 0.0551 | ||
| Coordination 0.5179 | Population density | 0.1007 | |
| Construction quality | 0.1726 | ||
| Renovating cost | 0.1151 | ||
| Plot ratio | 0.1295 | ||
| Central greenbelt coverage ratio | 0.0315 | ||
| Green 0.2204 | Green coverage ratio | 0.1889 | |
List of evaluation index system of inefficient urban land use.
| Evaluation on inefficient urban land use | Sharing | Distance to public service facility, primary and secondary schools, commercial facility, and arterial traffic |
| Coordination | Construction quality, plot ratio, renovating cost, population density | |
| Green | Green coverage ratio, central greenbelt coverage ratio | |
1–9 scale scoring table.
| Index A's evaluation value | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/7 | 1/9 |
| Index B's evaluation value | 1/9 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
| Remark | Take 8, 6, 4, 2, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8 as the medians of above evaluation values | ||||||||
Classification table for land use efficiency value of indexes in green criterion layer.
| Central greenbelt coverage ratio (m) | >2000 | 1500–2000 | 1000–1500 | 500–1000 | <500 |
| Green coverage ratio (%) | <5 | 5–15 | 15–25 | 25–35 | >35 |
Classification table for land use efficiency value of indexes in coordination criterion layer.
| Population density | Very low | Lower | Average | Higher | Very high |
| Construction quality | Very poor | Poor | Average | Good | Very good |
| Renovation cost | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | Level 5 |
| Plot ratio | >2.0 | 1.5–2.0 | 1.0–1.5 | 0.5–1.0 | <0.5 |
Classification of central downtown's construction land use efficiency grade in Suiling County.
| Land block No./piece | 68 | 242 | 160 | 91 |
Classification table for land use efficiency value of indexes in sharing criterion layer.
| Distance to public service facility (m) | 1000–2000 | 500–1000 | 200–500 | <200 | >2000 |
| Distance to primary and secondary schools (m) | >2000 | 1000–2000 | 500–1000 | 200–500 | <200 |
| Distance to arterial traffic (m) | >400 | 200–400 | 100–200 | 50–100 | <50 |
| Distance to commercial facility (km) | >5 | 3–5 | 2–3 | 1–2 | <1 |
Summary of comprehensive index of inefficient land use in Suiling County.
| Suiling County | SL-01 | 7.8441 |
| SL-02 | 7.7891 | |
| SL-03 | 5.6765 | |
| . . . | . . . | |
| SL-559 | 2.4577 | |
| SL-560 | 2.3153 | |
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in Preventing Financial Risks Lagrange’s Mathematical Equations in the Sports Training of College Students Simulation Research of Electrostatic Precipitator Power Supply Voltage Control System Based on Finite Element Differential Equation Research on the effect of generative adversarial network based on wavelet transform hidden Markov model on face creation and classification Research on Lightweight Injection Molding (CAE) and Numerical Simulation Calculate of New Energy Vehicle Power Flow Calculation in Smart Distribution Network Based on Power Machine Learning Based on Fractional Differential Equations Demonstration of application program of logistics public information management platform based on fuzzy constrained programming mathematical model Basketball Shooting Rate Based on Multiple Regression Logical-Mathematical Algorithm The Optimal Application of Lagrangian Mathematical Equations in Computer Data Analysis Similarity Solutions of the Surface Waves Equation in (2+1) Dimensions and Bifurcation Optimal decisions and channel coordination of a green supply chain with marketing effort and fairness concerns Game theoretic model for low carbon supply chain under carbon emissions reduction sensitive random demand Limit cycles of a generalised Mathieu differential system Influence of displacement ventilation on the distribution of pollutant concentrations in livestock housing Application of data mining in basketball statistics The nonlinear effects of ageing on national savings rate – An Empirical Study based on threshold model Design of fitness walker for the elderly based on ergonomic SAPAD model AtanK-A New SVM Kernel for Classification Mechanical behaviour of continuous girder bridge with corrugated steel webs constructed by RW Study of a linear-physical-programming-based approach for web service selection under uncertain service quality The Relationship Between College Students’ Taekwondo Courses and College Health Based on Mathematical Statistics Equations Analysis and countermeasures of cultivating independent learning ability in colleges teaching English based on OBE theory A mathematical model of plasmid-carried antibiotic resistance transmission in two types of cells Fractional Differential Equations in the Exploration of Geological and Mineral Construction AdaBoost Algorithm in Trustworthy Network for Anomaly Intrusion Detection Projection of Early Warning Identification of Hazardous Sources of Gas Explosion Accidents in Coal Mines Based on NTM Deep Learning Network Burnout of front-line city administrative law-enforcing personnel in new urban development areas: An empirical research in China Enterprise Financial Risk Early Warning System Based on Structural Equation Model A Study on the Application of Quantile Regression Equation in Forecasting Financial Value at Risk in Financial Markets Fractional Differential Equations in the Model of Vocational Education and Teaching Practice Environment Information transmission simulation of Internet of things communication nodes under collision free probability equation Image denoising model based on improved fractional calculus mathematical equation Random Fourier Approximation of the Kernel Function in Programmable Networks The Complexity of Virtual Reality Technology in the Simulation and Modeling of Civil Mathematical Models University Library Lending System Model Based on Fractional Differential Equations Calculation and Performance Evaluation of Text Similarity Based on Strong Classification Features Intelligent Matching System of Clauses in International Investment Arbitration Cases Based on Big Data Statistical Model Evaluation and Verification of Patent Value Based on Combination Forecasting Model Financial Institution Prevention Financial Risk Monitoring System Under the Fusion of Partial Differential Equations Prediction and Analysis of ChiNext Stock Price Based on Linear and Non-linear Composite Model Calculus Logic Function in Tax Risk Avoidance in Different Stages of Enterprises The Psychological Memory Forgetting Model Based on the Analysis of Linear Differential Equations Optimization Simulation System of University Science Education Based on Finite Differential Equations The Law of Large Numbers in Children's Education Optimization System of Strength and Flexibility Training in Aerobics Course Based on Lagrangian Mathematical Equation Data structure simulation for the reform of the teaching process of university computer courses RETRACTION NOTE Research on the mining of ideological and political knowledge elements in college courses based on the combination of LDA model and Apriori algorithm Research on non-linear visual matching model under inherent constraints of images Good congruences on weakly U-abundant semigroups Can policy coordination facilitate unimpeded trade? An empirical study on factors influencing smooth trade along the Belt and Road Research on the processing method of multi-source heterogeneous data in the intelligent agriculture cloud platform Internal control index and enterprise growth: An empirical study of Chinese listed-companies in the automobile manufacturing industry Research on design of customer portrait system for E-commerce Research on rule extraction method based on concept lattice of intuitionistic fuzzy language Fed-UserPro: A user profile construction method based on federated learning A multi-factor Regression Equation-based Test of Fitness Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Athletes Design and evaluation of intelligent teaching system on basic movements in PE Garment Image Retrieval based on Grab Cut Auto Segmentation and Dominate Color Method Financial Risk Prediction and Analysis Based on Nonlinear Differential Equations Constructivist Learning Method of Ordinary Differential Equations in College Mathematics Teaching Multiple Effects Analysis of Hangzhou Issuing Digital Consumer Coupons Based on Simultaneous Equations of CDM Model Response Model of Teachers’ Psychological Education in Colleges and Universities Based on Nonlinear Finite Element Equations A Hybrid Computational Intelligence Method of Newton's Method and Genetic Algorithm for Solving Compatible Nonlinear Equations Pressure Image Recognition of Lying Positions Based on Multi-feature value Regularized Extreme Learning Algorithm English Intelligent Question Answering System Based on elliptic fitting equation Precision Machining Technology of Jewelry on CNC Machine Tool Based on Mathematical Modeling Application Research of Mathematica Software in Calculus Teaching Computer Vision Communication Technology in Mathematical Modeling Skills of Music Creation Based on Homogeneous First-Order Linear Partial Differential Equations Mathematical Statistics Technology in the Educational Grading System of Preschool Students Music Recommendation Index Evaluation Based on Logistic Distribution Fitting Transition Probability Function Children's Educational Curriculum Evaluation Management System in Mathematical Equation Model Query Translation Optimization and Mathematical Modeling for English-Chinese Cross-Language Information Retrieval The Effect of Children’s Innovative Education Courses Based on Fractional Differential Equations Fractional Differential Equations in the Standard Construction Model of the Educational Application of the Internet of Things Optimization research on prefabricated concrete frame buildings based on the dynamic equation of eccentric structure and horizontal-torsional coupling Optimization in Mathematics Modeling and Processing of New Type Silicate Glass Ceramics Green building considering image processing technology combined with CFD numerical simulation Research on identifying psychological health problems of college students by logistic regression model based on data mining Abnormal Behavior of Fractional Differential Equations in Processing Computer Big Data Mathematical Modeling Thoughts and Methods Based on Fractional Differential Equations in Teaching Research on evaluation system of cross-border E-commerce platform based on the combined model A mathematical model of PCNN for image fusion with non-sampled contourlet transform Nonlinear Differential Equations in Computer-Aided Modeling of Big Data Technology The Uniqueness of Solutions of Fractional Differential Equations in University Mathematics Teaching Based on the Principle of Compression Mapping Financial customer classification by combined model Influence of displacement ventilation on the distribution of pollutant concentrations in livestock housing Recognition of Electrical Control System of Flexible Manipulator Based on Transfer Function Estimation Method Automatic Knowledge Integration Method of English Translation Corpus Based on Kmeans Algorithm Real Estate Economic Development Based on Logarithmic Growth Function Model Design of Tennis Mobile Teaching Assistant System Based on Ordinary Differential Equations Financial Crisis Early Warning Model of Listed Companies Based on Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis High Simulation Reconstruction of Crowd Animation Based on Optical Flow Constraint Equation Construction of Intelligent Search Engine for Big Data Multimedia Resource Subjects Based on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation 3D Animation Simulation of Computer Fractal and Fractal Technology Combined with Diamond-Square Algorithm Analysis of the Teaching Quality of Physical Education Class by Using the Method of Gradient Difference The Summation of Series Based on the Laplace Transformation Method in Mathematics Teaching Optimal Solution of the Fractional Differential Equation to Solve the Bending Performance Test of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams under Prestressed Fatigue Load Animation VR scene mosaic modeling based on generalized Laplacian equation Radial Basis Function Neural Network in Vibration Control of Civil Engineering Structure Optimal Model Combination of Cross-border E-commerce Platform Operation Based on Fractional Differential Equations The influence of accounting computer information processing technology on enterprise internal control under panel data simultaneous equation Research on Stability of Time-delay Force Feedback Teleoperation System Based on Scattering Matrix BIM Building HVAC Energy Saving Technology Based on Fractional Differential Equation Construction of comprehensive evaluation index system of water-saving irrigation project integrating penman Montei the quation Human Resource Management Model of Large Companies Based on Mathematical Statistics Equations Data Forecasting of Air-Conditioning Load in Large Shopping Malls Based on Multiple Nonlinear Regression Analysis of technical statistical indexes of college tennis players under the win-lose regression function equation Automatic extraction and discrimination of vocal main melody based on quadratic wave equation Analysis of wireless English multimedia communication based on spatial state model equation Optimization of Linear Algebra Core Function Framework on Multicore Processors Application of hybrid kernel function in economic benefit analysis and evaluation of enterprises Application of improved RBF neural network algorithm in hierarchical management of enterprise Research on classification of e-commerce customers based on BP neural network The Control Relationship Between the Enterprise's Electrical Equipment and Mechanical Equipment Based on Graph Theory Mathematical Modeling and Forecasting of Economic Variables Based on Linear Regression Statistics Nonlinear Differential Equations in Cross-border E-commerce Controlling Return Rate 3D Mathematical Modeling Technology in Visualized Aerobics Dance Rehearsal System Fractional Differential Equations in Electronic Information Models BIM Engineering Management Oriented to Curve Equation Model Leakage control of urban water supply network and mathematical analysis and location of leakage points based on machine learning Analysis of higher education management strategy based on entropy and dissipative structure theory Prediction of corporate financial distress based on digital signal processing and multiple regression analysis Mathematical Method to Construct the Linear Programming of Football Training Multimedia sensor image detection based on constrained underdetermined equation The Size of Children's Strollers of Different Ages Based on Ergonomic Mathematics Design Application of Numerical Computation of Partial Differential Equations in Interactive Design of Virtual Reality Media Stiffness Calculation of Gear Hydraulic System Based on the Modeling of Nonlinear Dynamics Differential Equations in the Progressive Method Knowledge Analysis of Charged Particle Motion in Uniform Electromagnetic Field Based on Maxwell Equation Relationship Between Enterprise Talent Management and Performance Based on the Structural Equation Model Method Term structure of economic management rate based on parameter analysis of estimation model of ordinary differential equation Influence analysis of piano music immersion virtual reality cooperation based on mapping equation Chinese painting and calligraphy image recognition technology based on pseudo linear directional diffusion equation Label big data compression in Internet of things based on piecewise linear regression Animation character recognition and character intelligence analysis based on semantic ontology and Poisson equation Design of language assisted learning model and online learning system under the background of artificial intelligence Study on the influence of adolescent smoking on physical training vital capacity in eastern coastal areas Application of machine learning in stock selection Comparative analysis of CR of ideological and political education in different regions based on improved fuzzy clustering Action of Aut( G ) on the set of maximal subgroups ofp -groupsThe internal mechanism of corporate social responsibility fulfillment affecting debt risk in China: analysis of intermediary transmission effect based on degree of debt concentration and product market competitive advantage Study on transmission characteristics in three kinds of deformed finlines based on edge-based finite element method Asymptotic stability problem of predator–prey system with linear diffusion Research on loyalty prediction of e-commerce customer based on data mining Algebraic Equations in Educational Model of College Physical Education Course Education Professional English Translation Corpus Under the Binomial Theorem Coefficient Geometric Tolerance Control Method for Precision Machinery Based on Image Modeling and Novel Saturation Function Retrieval and Characteristic Analysis of Multimedia Tester Based on Bragg Equation Semiparametric Spatial Econometric Analysis of Household Consumption Based on Ordinary Linear Regression Model Video adaptive watermark embedding and detection algorithm based on phase function equation English Learning Motivation of College Students Based on probability Distribution Scientific Model of Vocational Education Teaching Method in Differential Nonlinearity Research on mobile Awareness service and data privacy Protection based on Linear Equations computing protocol Vocal Music Teaching Model Based on Finite Element Differential Mathematical Equations Studying a matching method combining distance proximity and buffer constraints The trend and influence of media information Propagation based on nonlinear Differential equation Research on the construction of early warning model of customer churn on e-commerce platform Evaluation and prediction of regional human capital based on optimised BP neural network Study on inefficient land use determination method for cities and towns from a city examination perspective A sentiment analysis method based on bidirectional long short-term memory networks A study of local smoothness-informed convolutional neural network models for image inpainting Mathematical Calculus Modeling in Improving the Teaching Performance of Shot Put Application of Nonlinear Differential Equation in Electric Automation Control System Higher Mathematics Teaching Curriculum Model Based on Lagrangian Mathematical Model Computational Algorithm to Solve Two–Body Problem Using Power Series in Geocentric System Decisions of competing supply chain with altruistic retailer under risk aversion Optimization of Color Matching Technology in Cultural Industry by Fractional Differential Equations The Marketing of Cross-border E-commerce Enterprises in Foreign Trade Based on the Statistics of Mathematical Probability Theory Application of Linear Partial Differential Equation Theory in Guiding Football Scientific Training Nonlinear Channel Estimation for Internet of Vehicles Some Necessary Conditions for Feedback Functions of de Bruijn Sequences The Evolution Model of Regional Tourism Economic Development Difference Based on Spatial Variation Function System Model of Shipping Enterprise Safety Culture Based on Dynamic Calculation Matrix Model An empirical research on economic growth from industrial structure optimisation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area The Inner Relationship between Students' Psychological Factors and Physical Exercise Based on Structural Equation Model (SEM) Analysis and Research on Influencing Factors of Ideological and Political Education Teaching Effectiveness Based on Linear Equation Study of agricultural finance policy information extraction based on ELECTRA-BiLSTM-CRF Fractional Differential Equations in Sports Training in Universities Examination and Countermeasures of Network Education in Colleges and Universities Based on Ordinary Differential Equation Model Innovative research of vertical video creation under the background of mobile communication Higher Education Agglomeration Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurship Based on Spatial Dubin Model Chinese-English Contrastive Translation System Based on Lagrangian Search Mathematical Algorithm Model Genetic algorithm-based congestion control optimisation for mobile data network