Mathematical model on Type 1 diabetes and Healthy state: Mechanisms of β cells on the interaction between M1 and M2 Macrophages

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated reduction of β cells, resulting in lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin administration. We studied the impact of M1/M2 macrophages on the β cell level. We obtained the healthy state (absence of T1D) and unhealthy state (presence of T1D). We found that in the unhealthy state, β cell levels are decreased with a continuous alternative switch between M1 and M2 macrophages. However, in the healthy state, the β cell levels increase with a high level of M2 macrophages.