The research on land-use transfer has always been a hot spot for domestic and foreign scholars, and it is also the focus of practical works. In China, the Beijing Municipal Government has put forward many forestry policies, emphasising the need to improve the collective forest land transfer system against the new background of the capital’s forestry development. This paper built a binary logistic regression model and structural equation modelling (SEM) based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), collected research data through questionnaires and explored the factors that affect the willingness of the transfer of forest land. The research showed that (1) farmers’ attitudes and behaviours had significant negative impacts on the willingness to transfer forest land. When farmers are assured that they know more about the forest land’s management rights transfer policy, and the forest land’s management rights transfer can bring more income to them, they will be satisfied with the existing forest land policy, which is more conducive to the forest land’s management rights transfer; (2) the perceived behaviour control of farmers had no significant impact on the willingness of forest land’s management rights transfer, that is, difficulties that farmers perceived in the implementation of forest land’s management rights transfer did not significantly affect their decision-making willingness and (3) the different results of the two models’ analysis on the impact of subjective norm on the willingness of forest land’s management rights transfer need further study and verification.
Keywords
- forest land’s management rights
- transfer willingness
- theory of planned behaviour
- structural equation modelling
‘Opinions of the State Council on Improving the Collective Forest Right System’ (GBF [2016] No. 83), ‘Opinions of the General Office of the People’s Government of Beijing city on the Implementation of Improving the Collective-owned Forest Right System and Promoting the Development of Beijing’s Forestry’ (JZBF [2018] No. 17) and other documents all put forward steps for improvement of the collective forest land circulation system [1]. The forest land management rights transfer can accelerate the development of moderate scale management in various forms, and optimise the allocation of forest land resources and scale effect, which is of great significance [2].
The forest land’s management rights transfer is an important part of the forest right transfer and land (the forest rights transfer refers to the transfer of forest, wood and forest land, including management rights transfer of forest land, the wood ownership transfer under the contracted system or collective economic organisations). It is different from the forest ownership transfer belonging to the same forest right circulation. At the same time, it is also different from the general land management rights transfer due to the distinct use and function of forest land [3]. Farmers’ production and operating activities are related to the local conditions in rural regions and the problems encountered in forestry management activities vary among regions [4]. In addition, for a region, the forest land’s management rights transfer is periodical to some degree, and it is of unique characteristics in different periods [5]. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the forest land’s management rights transfer and identify the key factors that affect the willingness of the forest land’s management rights transfer based on the latest research data, combining the relevant researches of forest rights transfer with those of land circulation.
China’s forest tenure system took shape in the household contract responsibility system, which started in the early 1880s, greatly mobilising the enthusiasm of farmers and laid a foundation for economic growth in the rural areas. However, it led to the decentralised management of agricultural land. As early as the 20th century, scholars in China studied the forest rights. Since a new round of collective-owned forest rights system reform in China, agricultural modernisation has continued to develop, the process of rural land transfer has accelerated, and the development of appropriate economies of scale in forest land has also become an inexorable trend. A large number of scholars have taken up the study of willingness of forest rights transfer and their influencing factors [6]. William and Gregory studied the benefits and costs of operating forestland, believing that the comparative relationship between the benefits and input costs of forestland was the key factor affecting the transformation of forestland [7]. Darla and Abigail analysed the reasons why rural land in the south of Indiana was converted to private forest land in the process of urbanisation [8]. Gerald C. Nelson believed that the stability of property rights could promote the sustainable development of forestry and help improve the utilisation efficiency of forest land [9]. Most scholars studied the willingness of forest land transfer and its influencing factors, and adopted the logistic model in econometrics. For example, the logistic model was used to analyse the influence of the different farmers’ resource endowments on their forest land circulation behaviours [10], and the influencing factors and levels that affected farmers’ willingness to transfer forest land after the collective forest right reform had also been analysed [11]. Heckman’s two-stage model was also used to study the impact of human capital on the inflow behaviour and inflow scale of farmers’ forest land [12]. Game theory is also an analysis tool that is often used to study land circulation. It could conduct game analysis on the decision-making of different types of farmers on forest land circulation [13].
Scholars have studied the influencing factors of forest land circulation willingness from different perspectives, including the influence of farmers’ decision-making behaviour [14], policy information cognition [15], household income level [16], family labour force investment [17], farmers’ career differentiation and income differentiation [18] and individual endowment and cognition [19] on forest land circulation of farmers. John selected two villages in India to conduct field investigations, studied the factors affecting the farmland transfer behaviour of farmers, and finally classified the factors affecting farmland transfer into three categories: farming choices, agricultural loans and land investment [20]. It can be concluded that the factors that affect farmers’ willingness and behaviour of forest land transfer can be roughly divided into farmers’ individual characteristics, family economic characteristics, forest land natural conditions, forestry management status, forest rights and logging system arrangements, circulation market conditions and forest land transfer policies.
Existing research results provide important references for further reform of the collective forest rights system and continuous improvement of the forest land circulation system. However, few studies were carried out on Beijing’s forestry development, and there is a lack of research on the influencing factors from the psychological cognitive level of the subject behaviour. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on Beijing’s forest tenure system; especially, Beijing emphasises the construction of ecological civilisation and ecological environment for the lives of urban and rural people in its development plan. Against this background, this paper studied the forest land’s management rights transfer in Beijing based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), which is an important theoretical support to study the decision-making of forest land’s management rights transfer. The common models based on the theory are mainly logistic regression model and structural equation modelling (SEM). Logistic regression model is widely used for the identification of objective factors affecting the transfer willingness, especially when the data volume is small; the latter is often used to study the behaviour decision of farmers [22], which is more suitable for the identification of subjective factors affecting the transfer willingness of forest land’s management rights. This paper built both logistic regression model and SEM for comparative analysis.
TPB is an important theory widely used in management, psychology and sociology to explain the influence mechanism of psychological cognition on behavioural intention and decision-making.
According to the theory, the willingness of the subject’s behaviour is key to the decision-making. Whether the residents are willing to participate in the forest land’s management rights transfer is essentially a production decision-making factor of the individual. The traditional theory holds that the goal of individual production decision is simply to pursue profit maximisation, while modern research holds that the individual goal of production decision-making may be diversified. Therefore, individual economic rationality cannot be simply determined only through cost–benefit analysis; other aspects such as identification of others, risk aversion and personal capital should also be taken into consideration.
The TPB provides only a classical research framework for explaining the general decision-making process of individuals and studying the relationship between the influencing factors of behaviour intention and willingness. According to it, an individual’s behavioural intention is mainly determined by three factors: individual’s behavioural attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. The more positive the attitude is the greater the support of important external factors, while the stronger ability of the individual’s perceived behavioural control is the greater the behavioural intention is, and vice versa. According to this point of view, in the behaviour decision-making of forest land’s management rights transfer, different farmers’ psychological cognition differences on forest land’s management rights transfer lead to behaviour intention differences. Especially, the former is the source of the latter.
Therefore, the willingness of farmers on the management rights transfer of forest land is the driving force to promote the transaction of the management rights transfer of forest land, which depends on the behavioural attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control of farmers on the forest land management rights transfer. These three aspects are explained in the TPB: (1) behavioural attitude is an individual’s cognition and evaluation on the implementation of the decision-making, which is determined by the belief in the behaviour result and the importance of the result; (2) the external ‘subjective norm’, the code of conduct existing in people’s mind, is the social pressure that individuals feel when they don’t know whether or not to carry out this act. It reflects the influence of important people and systems on individual decision-making and (3) perceived behavioural control refers to the individual’s consideration of the factors that promote or hinder the decision-making, which is the degree of difficulty that the individual perceives when performing certain behaviour. The TPB is used in various fields of behavioural intention with its strong ability to predict behaviour.
On the basis of the TPB and existing research, seven variables are defined as the factors influencing the transfer willingness of forest land’s management rights in Beijing, including behavioural attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, gender, age, family population and average annual household income. Binary logistic model and SEM are used for data analysis. The model is as follows:
In quantitative research, SEM aims to solve practical problems through certain statistical analysis technology dealing with the theoretical model of complex phenomena and to evaluate the theoretical model according to the consistency between the theoretical model and the actual data. It is divided into the measurement and structural models. The measurement model is used to analyse the relationship between the observation index and latent variable, while the structural model deals with the relationship among different latent variables. For the studied problems, the phenomena that could not be measured directly are recorded as latent variable or hidden variable, while the variables that can be measured directly are manifest variable or explicit variable. The measurement model, also known as the confirmatory factor analysis model, mainly represents the relationship between the manifest variable and latent variable.
The measurement model is generally composed of two equations, which respectively shows the relationship between potential endogenous variable
The structural equation model, also known as the causality model among latent variables, mainly demonstrates the relationship among latent variables. It defines the causality between the exogenous potential variables and the endogenous potential variables in the studied system. The model form is as follows:
In this study, 409 valid questionnaires from all districts in Beijing were collected. Based on the questionnaires, binary logistic regression analysis and SEM analysis were carried out.
In order to improve regression analysis, seven independent variables are assigned with the willingness of transfer as the dependent variable, as shown in Table 1.
Variable assignment
x1 | Behavioural attitude | 1–5 | Individual cognition and evaluation of decision execution |
x2 | Subjective norm | 1–5 | Social pressure on individual when it comes to perform this behaviour |
x3 | Perceived behavioural control | 1–5 | The difficulty the individual perceives when taking an action |
x4 | Gender | 1–2 | Male = 1, female = 2 |
x5 | Age | 1–6 | Under 30 years old = 1; 30–40 years old = 2; 40–50 years old = 3; 50–60 years old = 4; 60–70 years old = 5; over 70 years old = 6 |
x6 | Family population | 1–7 | 1 person = 1; 2 persons = 2; 3 persons = 3; 4 persons = 4; 5 persons = 5; 6 persons = 6; 6 persons or more = 7 |
x7 | Average annual household income | 1–4 | <20,000 yuan = 1; 20,001–30,000 yuan = 2; 30,001–50,000 yuan = 3; 50,000 yuan above = 4 |
In this section, SPSS19.0 was used for data calculating and processing, and logistic model regression test was carried out. The test results are shown in Table 2.
Regression test of logistics model
Observed | Predicted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Transaction intention | Percentage correction | |||
1.00 | 2.00 | |||
Transaction intension | 1.00 | 353 | 4 | 98.9 |
2.00 | 52 | 0 | .0 | |
Total percentage | 86.3 |
Table 2 shows that based on the established model, the prediction accuracy of the data is 86.3%, which is far greater than the recommended value of 60%, indicating that the model has a high fitting degree and accuracy. The multicollinearity test was carried out for the multivariables in Table 1, and the results are shown in Table 3.
Analysis of variance inflation factor
Behavioural attitude | 0.371 | 2.693 |
Subjective norm | 0.363 | 2.758 |
Perceived behavioural control | 0.373 | 2.678 |
Gender | 0.860 | 1.163 |
Age | 0.986 | 1.014 |
Family population | 0.990 | 1.010 |
Average annual household income | 0.984 | 1.016 |
Mean value | 1.762 |
From Table 3, it can be seen that the mean value of the variance inflation factor (VIF) is 1.762, and that no independent variable VIF value is >10, so there is no big multicollinearity problem among the above model variables.
Finally, according to the variable setting in Table 1, the binary logistic regression analysis of the dependent variable, the willingness of the farmers’ forest land management rights transfer, is carried out and the regression results are shown in Table 4.
Regression results of logistics model of circulating will of forest land’s management right
Behavioural attitude | −0.723** | 0.245 | 8.711 | 0.003 | 0.485 |
Subjective norm | −0.477** | 0.236 | 4.069 | 0.044 | 0.621 |
Perceived behavioural control | 0.017 | 0.253 | 0.004 | 0.947 | 1.017 |
Gender | −0.283 | 0.346 | 0.672 | 0.412 | 0.753 |
Age | 0.131 | 0.193 | 0.463 | 0.496 | 1.140 |
Family population | 0.044 | 0.145 | 0.091 | 0.763 | 1.045 |
Average annual household income | −0.019 | 0.131 | 0.021 | 0.885 | 0.981 |
Constant term | −2.508*** | 0.759 | 10.916 | 0.001 | 0.081 |
<10% significance level
<5% significance level
<1% significance level
It can be seen from Table 4 that the
The coefficient of behavioural attitude x1 is −0.723, and the wals value is 8.711, which shows that the variables are statistically significant at the level of 5%. When the rating of farmers’ behavioural attitude increases by 5%, the possibility of farmers increasing their willingness of the forest land management rights transfer is reduced by 0.723%. The estimated coefficient of subjective
The estimated value of perceived behavioural control
After the non-significant factors are eliminated, the final regression results of the model are as shown in Table 5.
Regression results of logistics model of forest land’s management rights circulating will
Behavioural attitude | −0.701 | 0.229 | 9.367 | 0.002 | 0.496 |
Subjective norm | −0.499 | 0.218 | 5.223 | 0.022 | 0.607 |
Constant term | −2.312 | 0.203 | 129.397 | 0.000 | 0.099 |
The regression coefficients of behavioural attitude and subjective norm are −0.701 and −0.499. The two variables have a negative significant impact on the willingness of forest land management rights transfer. The transfer of forest land management rights includes the inflow and outflow of forest land. In order to facilitate the willingness of farmers’ forest land management rights transfer in Beijing, we need to reduce their behavioural attitude scores, that is, reduce farmers’ expectations in the results of the transfer and their estimation of the importance of the results. We also need to reduce their subjective norm scores, that is, reduce the social pressure of farmers on whether to implement the transfer of forest land management rights.
AMOS22.0 and SPSS19.0 were applied for data calculation and processing. The constructed SEM is shown in Figure 1, including four potential variables: behavioural attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and willingness of transfer, which correspond to multiple observation variables, respectively. The questionnaire of this study was designed based on this model.
Fig. 1
SEM model. SEM, structural equation modelling

The descriptive statistics of potential variables of SEM are shown in Table 6.
Descriptive statistics of measured variables
Willingness of forest land management rights transfer | Intention of forest land management rights transfer | 1 | 5 | 2.74 | 0.816 | 0.665 | 0.221 | 2.558 |
Willingness to transfer forest rights | 1 | 3 | 1.47 | 0.741 | 0.549 | 1.197 | ||
Mode of willingness | 1 | 7 | 2.6 | 1.717 | 2.947 | 1.225 | ||
Difficulty degree of forest land management rights transfer | 1 | 6 | 3.42 | 1.109 | 1.229 | 0.506 | ||
Behavioural attitude | A better understanding of the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 2.9 | 1.008 | −0.172 | −0.527 | 3.387 |
Thinking of the transfer of forest land management rights can bring more income | 1 | 5 | 3.53 | 0.773 | −0.526 | 0.363 | ||
Satisfied with the existing forest land policy | 1 | 5 | 3.3 | 0.798 | −0.1 | 0.196 | ||
Considering the problems encountered in the process of forestry production are difficult to solve, and flowing out of the forest land | 1 | 5 | 3.27 | 0.827 | −0.391 | 0.249 | ||
Considering the existing forest land does not meet its own needs, and flowing into the forest land | 1 | 5 | 3.52 | 0.968 | −0.078 | −0.417 | ||
Believing the transfer of forest land management rights will be an important development trend | 1 | 5 | 3.8 | 0.903 | −0.321 | −0.415 | ||
Subjective norm | Simplicity and convenience of the transfer procedure of forest land management rights is | 1 | 5 | 3.24 | 1.032 | 0.26 | −0.54 | 3.285 |
Willingness of relatives and friends to transfer the management rights of forest land | 1 | 5 | 3.16 | 0.964 | −0.427 | −0.057 | ||
Encouragement from governments and communities on the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.52 | 0.985 | −0.073 | −0.441 | ||
Relatives and friends’ rewards from the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.22 | 0.922 | −0.459 | −0.058 | ||
Perceived behavioural control | Easy to find the information about the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.14 | 1.16 | 0.076 | −0.652 | 3.243 |
High forest land management technology to support forest land inflow | 1 | 5 | 3.13 | 0.975 | −0.304 | −0.293 | ||
Sufficient labour to support forest land inflow | 1 | 5 | 3.31 | 1.108 | 0.015 | −0.696 | ||
Able to withstand the risks brought by the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.15 | 0.913 | −0.261 | −0.129 | ||
Forced to flow out forest land due to insufficient labour | 1 | 5 | 3.42 | 1.05 | −0.095 | −0.504 | ||
Less forest resources and poor quality | 1 | 5 | 3.31 | 0.925 | −0.332 | −0.031 |
The combined reliability test was performed based on the questionnaire data. According to Table 7, the composite reliability coefficient (CR) value of each variable is >0.6, and the other variables have passed the reliability test requirements except for the average variance extracted (AVE) of behavioural attitude value <0.5. Although the AVE value of behavioural attitude is <0.5, its Cronbach’s
Composite reliability test
Behavioural attitude | Understanding the transfer of forest land management rights | 0.596 | 0.404 | 0.777 | 0.374 | 0.777 | 0.745 | ||
Increasing income | 0.101 | *** | 0.434 | 0.566 | 0.766 | ||||
Satisfied with existing policies | 0.081 | *** | 0.719 | 0.281 | 0.753 | ||||
Production problems | 0.079 | *** | 0.632 | 0.368 | 0.753 | ||||
Unsatisfied demand | 0.074 | *** | 0.806 | 0.194 | 0.709 | ||||
Important development trend | 0.102 | *** | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.732 | ||||
Subjective norm | Simple and convenient procedure | 0.05 | *** | 0.532 | 0.468 | 0.825 | 0.543 | 0.831 | 0.790 |
Willingness of the relatives and friends | 0.051 | *** | 0.399 | 0.601 | 0.792 | ||||
Encouragement from the government on the transfer of forest land management rights | 0.053 | *** | 0.572 | 0.428 | 0.773 | ||||
Benefits for relatives and friends | 0.326 | 0.674 | 0.789 | ||||||
Perceived behavioural control | Relevant information | 0.337 | 0.663 | 0.862 | 0.515 | 0.864 | 0.835 | ||
Business and technical support | 0.052 | *** | 0.358 | 0.642 | 0.841 | ||||
Labour support | 0.044 | *** | 0.502 | 0.498 | 0.829 | ||||
Risks | 0.047 | *** | 0.506 | 0.494 | 0.839 | ||||
Labour shortage | 0.051 | *** | 0.504 | 0.496 | 0.839 | ||||
Less forest resources and poor quality | 0.047 | *** | 0.706 | 0.294 | 0.860 | ||||
Total | 0.924 |
AVE, average variance extracted; CR, composite reliability coefficient
Table 8 shows the KMO value of the scale and the p value of Bartlett spherical test, both of which have passed the test, so the scale has good validity.
KMO value and Bartlett spherical test
Willingness of forest land’s management rights transfer | 4 | 0.589 | 48.101 | *** |
Behavioural attitude | 6 | 0.809 | 582.585 | *** |
Subjective norm | 4 | 0.783 | 609.625 | *** |
Perceived behavioural control | 6 | 0.851 | 1080.041 | *** |
Total | 20 | 0.923 | 3624.319 | *** |
Based on TPB, path analysis is conducted between the three latent variables of behavioural attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control and the variables of transfer willingness. The revised path coefficients and significance are as shown in Table 9. The path coefficients in Table 9 show that behavioural attitude has a significant negative impact on the willingness while the perceived behavioural control does not have a significant impact on the willingness, which is consistent with the results of logistic regression analysis. However, according to the structural equation analysis results, the conclusion that the subjective norm obtained by Logistic regression analysis has a significant negative effect on the willingness of forest land management rights transfer is verified.
Revised path coefficient and its significance level
Behavioural attitude | → | Transfer willingness | −0.752 | *** |
Subjective norm | → | Transfer willingness | – | Not significant |
Perceived behavioural control | → | Transfer willingness | – | Not significant |
Based on the TPB, this paper conducted a questionnaire survey on farmers’ willingness for forest land management rights transfer in Beijing, and 409 valid data were obtained. Using two analytical methods of binary logistic regression and SEM, this paper explored the influence mechanism of such variables as farmers’ behavioural attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control on their willingness of transfer.
The main conclusions are as follows:
The behavioural attitude of farmers has a significant negative impact on the willingness of forest land management rights transfer. The less the farmers underestimate the results of the forest land’s management rights transfer, the more conducive it is to the inflow and outflow of forest land. Therefore, when farmers have a better understanding of the transfer policy of forest land management rights, and believe that it can bring more income to them, they are very satisfied with the existing forest land policy. When they think the problems encountered in the process of forestry production are difficult to solve, and the existing forest land does not meet their own needs, they will think that the transfer will be an important development trend. These above factors will increase the willingness of forest land management rights transfer. We suggest that we should pay attention to the change in farmers’ behavioural attitude, try to reduce the impact of the results of transfer on them, weaken their dependence on the ownership of forest land, improve the transfer rate of forest land management rights and better allocate the forest land management rights. There is no significant effect of farmers’ perceived behavioural control on the willingness of forest land management rights transfer. Farmers’ perception of the difficulty of transfer would not significantly affect their decision-making. Age, family population and average annual household income do not significantly affect the willingness of transfer, which is not consistent with the results of previous studies that family situation will affect their willingness. This may be due to the lack of randomness of the questionnaire sample in this study, or the different circumstances of the transfer of forest land management rights in Beijing, which requires further research. The results for analysing the impact of subjective norm on the willingness of forest land management rights transfer in the two models are different. The results of binary logistic regression show that the subjective norm has a significant negative impact on the willingness of forest land management rights transfer. However, the results of SEM show that the subjective norm has no significant impact on the willingness of transfer. In the analysis, the model fitting degree of binary logistic regression analysis is higher, while that of SEM is relatively moderate. The former results are more reliable and more consistent with the TPB. However, the impact of subjective norm on the willingness of transfer still needs further verification. The government should try to reduce the pressure that farmers feel when they carry out transfer, be it from relatives, friends or the government policies. The government needs to standardise and simplify the flow of forest land management rights, encourage the transfer of forest land’s management rights, reduce the pressure of farmers and protect their interests.
Fig. 1

Composite reliability test
Behavioural attitude | Understanding the transfer of forest land management rights | 0.596 | 0.404 | 0.777 | 0.374 | 0.777 | 0.745 | ||
Increasing income | 0.101 | *** | 0.434 | 0.566 | 0.766 | ||||
Satisfied with existing policies | 0.081 | *** | 0.719 | 0.281 | 0.753 | ||||
Production problems | 0.079 | *** | 0.632 | 0.368 | 0.753 | ||||
Unsatisfied demand | 0.074 | *** | 0.806 | 0.194 | 0.709 | ||||
Important development trend | 0.102 | *** | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.732 | ||||
Subjective norm | Simple and convenient procedure | 0.05 | *** | 0.532 | 0.468 | 0.825 | 0.543 | 0.831 | 0.790 |
Willingness of the relatives and friends | 0.051 | *** | 0.399 | 0.601 | 0.792 | ||||
Encouragement from the government on the transfer of forest land management rights | 0.053 | *** | 0.572 | 0.428 | 0.773 | ||||
Benefits for relatives and friends | 0.326 | 0.674 | 0.789 | ||||||
Perceived behavioural control | Relevant information | 0.337 | 0.663 | 0.862 | 0.515 | 0.864 | 0.835 | ||
Business and technical support | 0.052 | *** | 0.358 | 0.642 | 0.841 | ||||
Labour support | 0.044 | *** | 0.502 | 0.498 | 0.829 | ||||
Risks | 0.047 | *** | 0.506 | 0.494 | 0.839 | ||||
Labour shortage | 0.051 | *** | 0.504 | 0.496 | 0.839 | ||||
Less forest resources and poor quality | 0.047 | *** | 0.706 | 0.294 | 0.860 | ||||
Total | 0.924 |
Descriptive statistics of measured variables
Willingness of forest land management rights transfer | Intention of forest land management rights transfer | 1 | 5 | 2.74 | 0.816 | 0.665 | 0.221 | 2.558 |
Willingness to transfer forest rights | 1 | 3 | 1.47 | 0.741 | 0.549 | 1.197 | ||
Mode of willingness | 1 | 7 | 2.6 | 1.717 | 2.947 | 1.225 | ||
Difficulty degree of forest land management rights transfer | 1 | 6 | 3.42 | 1.109 | 1.229 | 0.506 | ||
Behavioural attitude | A better understanding of the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 2.9 | 1.008 | −0.172 | −0.527 | 3.387 |
Thinking of the transfer of forest land management rights can bring more income | 1 | 5 | 3.53 | 0.773 | −0.526 | 0.363 | ||
Satisfied with the existing forest land policy | 1 | 5 | 3.3 | 0.798 | −0.1 | 0.196 | ||
Considering the problems encountered in the process of forestry production are difficult to solve, and flowing out of the forest land | 1 | 5 | 3.27 | 0.827 | −0.391 | 0.249 | ||
Considering the existing forest land does not meet its own needs, and flowing into the forest land | 1 | 5 | 3.52 | 0.968 | −0.078 | −0.417 | ||
Believing the transfer of forest land management rights will be an important development trend | 1 | 5 | 3.8 | 0.903 | −0.321 | −0.415 | ||
Subjective norm | Simplicity and convenience of the transfer procedure of forest land management rights is | 1 | 5 | 3.24 | 1.032 | 0.26 | −0.54 | 3.285 |
Willingness of relatives and friends to transfer the management rights of forest land | 1 | 5 | 3.16 | 0.964 | −0.427 | −0.057 | ||
Encouragement from governments and communities on the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.52 | 0.985 | −0.073 | −0.441 | ||
Relatives and friends’ rewards from the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.22 | 0.922 | −0.459 | −0.058 | ||
Perceived behavioural control | Easy to find the information about the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.14 | 1.16 | 0.076 | −0.652 | 3.243 |
High forest land management technology to support forest land inflow | 1 | 5 | 3.13 | 0.975 | −0.304 | −0.293 | ||
Sufficient labour to support forest land inflow | 1 | 5 | 3.31 | 1.108 | 0.015 | −0.696 | ||
Able to withstand the risks brought by the transfer of forest land management rights | 1 | 5 | 3.15 | 0.913 | −0.261 | −0.129 | ||
Forced to flow out forest land due to insufficient labour | 1 | 5 | 3.42 | 1.05 | −0.095 | −0.504 | ||
Less forest resources and poor quality | 1 | 5 | 3.31 | 0.925 | −0.332 | −0.031 |
Variable assignment
x1 | Behavioural attitude | 1–5 | Individual cognition and evaluation of decision execution |
x2 | Subjective norm | 1–5 | Social pressure on individual when it comes to perform this behaviour |
x3 | Perceived behavioural control | 1–5 | The difficulty the individual perceives when taking an action |
x4 | Gender | 1–2 | Male = 1, female = 2 |
x5 | Age | 1–6 | Under 30 years old = 1; 30–40 years old = 2; 40–50 years old = 3; 50–60 years old = 4; 60–70 years old = 5; over 70 years old = 6 |
x6 | Family population | 1–7 | 1 person = 1; 2 persons = 2; 3 persons = 3; 4 persons = 4; 5 persons = 5; 6 persons = 6; 6 persons or more = 7 |
x7 | Average annual household income | 1–4 | <20,000 yuan = 1; 20,001–30,000 yuan = 2; 30,001–50,000 yuan = 3; 50,000 yuan above = 4 |
Regression results of logistics model of circulating will of forest land’s management right
Behavioural attitude | −0.723 |
0.245 | 8.711 | 0.003 | 0.485 |
Subjective norm | −0.477 |
0.236 | 4.069 | 0.044 | 0.621 |
Perceived behavioural control | 0.017 | 0.253 | 0.004 | 0.947 | 1.017 |
Gender | −0.283 | 0.346 | 0.672 | 0.412 | 0.753 |
Age | 0.131 | 0.193 | 0.463 | 0.496 | 1.140 |
Family population | 0.044 | 0.145 | 0.091 | 0.763 | 1.045 |
Average annual household income | −0.019 | 0.131 | 0.021 | 0.885 | 0.981 |
Constant term | −2.508 |
0.759 | 10.916 | 0.001 | 0.081 |
Revised path coefficient and its significance level
Behavioural attitude | → | Transfer willingness | −0.752 | *** |
Subjective norm | → | Transfer willingness | – | Not significant |
Perceived behavioural control | → | Transfer willingness | – | Not significant |
Regression test of logistics model
Observed | Predicted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Transaction intention | Percentage correction | |||
1.00 | 2.00 | |||
Transaction intension | 1.00 | 353 | 4 | 98.9 |
2.00 | 52 | 0 | .0 | |
Total percentage | 86.3 |
Regression results of logistics model of forest land’s management rights circulating will
Behavioural attitude | −0.701 | 0.229 | 9.367 | 0.002 | 0.496 |
Subjective norm | −0.499 | 0.218 | 5.223 | 0.022 | 0.607 |
Constant term | −2.312 | 0.203 | 129.397 | 0.000 | 0.099 |
Analysis of variance inflation factor
Behavioural attitude | 0.371 | 2.693 |
Subjective norm | 0.363 | 2.758 |
Perceived behavioural control | 0.373 | 2.678 |
Gender | 0.860 | 1.163 |
Age | 0.986 | 1.014 |
Family population | 0.990 | 1.010 |
Average annual household income | 0.984 | 1.016 |
Mean value | 1.762 |
KMO value and Bartlett spherical test
Willingness of forest land’s management rights transfer | 4 | 0.589 | 48.101 | *** |
Behavioural attitude | 6 | 0.809 | 582.585 | *** |
Subjective norm | 4 | 0.783 | 609.625 | *** |
Perceived behavioural control | 6 | 0.851 | 1080.041 | *** |
Total | 20 | 0.923 | 3624.319 | *** |
Law of interest rate changes in financial markets based on the differential equation model of liquidity Basalt fibre continuous reinforcement composite pavement reinforcement design based on finite element model Industrial transfer and regional economy coordination based on multiple regression model Response model for the psychological education of college students based on non-linear finite element equations Satisfactory consistency judgement and inconsistency adjustment of linguistic judgement matrix Analysis of the relationship between industrial agglomeration and regional economic growth based on the multi-objective optimisation model Constraint effect of enterprise productivity based on constrained form variational computing The impact of urban expansion in Beijing and Metropolitan Area urban heat Island from 1999 to 2019 Ultrasonic wave promoting ice melt in ice storage tank based on polynomial fitting calculation model Regarding new wave distributions of the non-linear integro-partial Ito differential and fifth-order integrable equations Badminton players’ trajectory under numerical calculation method Innovations to Attribute Reduction of Covering Decision System Based on Conditional Information Entropy Nonlinear Differential Equations in the Teaching Model of Educational Informatisation The evaluation of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability based on nonlinear model Smart Communities to Reduce Earthquake Damage: A Case Study in Xinheyuan, China Institutional investor company social responsibility report and company performance Mathematical analysis of China's birth rate and research on the urgency of deepening the reform of art education First-principles calculations of magnetic and mechanical properties of Fe-based nanocrystalline alloy Fe80Si10Nb6B2Cu2 Has the belt and road initiative boosted the resident consumption in cities along the domestic route? – evidence from credit card consumption Attitude control for the rigid spacecraft with the improved extended state observer Cognitive Computational Model Using Machine Learning Algorithm in Artificial Intelligence Environment Research on tourism income index based on ordinary differential mathematical equation Application of Higher-Order Ordinary Differential Equation Model in Financial Investment Stock Price Forecast Sports Science Teaching of Athletics Based on Nonlinear Mathematical Equation Informatisation of educational reform based on fractional differential equations Research on the control of quantitative economic management variables under the numerical method based on stochastic ordinary differential equations Network monitoring and processing accuracy of big data acquisition based on mathematical model of fractional differential equation System dynamics model of output of ball mill Sensitivity Analysis of the Waterproof Performance of Elastic Rubber Gasket in Shield Tunnel Design of Morlet wavelet neural network to solve the non-linear influenza disease system Motion about equilibrium points in the Jupiter-Europa system with oblateness Badminton players’ trajectory under numerical calculation method Optimal preview repetitive control for impulse-free continuous-time descriptor systems Development of main functional modules for MVB and its application in rail transit Study on the impact of forest fire prevention policy on the health of forest resources Value Creation of Real Estate Company Spin-off Property Service Company Listing Selection by differential mortality rates Digital model creation and image meticulous processing based on variational partial differential equation The modelling and implementation of the virtual 3D animation scene based on the geometric centre-of-mass algorithm The policy efficiency evaluation of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei regional government guidance fund based on the entropy method The transfer of stylised artistic images in eye movement experiments based on fuzzy differential equations Research on behavioural differences in the processing of tenant listing information: An eye-movement experiment A review of the treatment techniques of VOC Some classes of complete permutation polynomials in the form of ( x p m −x +δ )s +ax p m +bx overF p 2m Deformation and stress theory of surrounding rock of shallow circular tunnel based on complex variable function method The consistency method of linguistic information and other four preference information in group decision-making Research on the willingness of Forest Land’s Management Rights transfer under the Beijing Forestry Development A mathematical model of the fractional differential method for structural design dynamics simulation of lower limb force movement step structure based on Sanda movement Fractal structure of magnetic island in tokamak plasma Numerical calculation and study of differential equations of muscle movement velocity based on martial articulation body ligament tension Study on the maximum value of flight distance based on the fractional differential equation for calculating the best path of shot put Sports intensity and energy consumption based on fractional linear regression equation Translog function in government development of low-carbon economy Analysis of the properties of matrix rank and the relationship between matrix rank and matrix operations Research on the Psychological Distribution Delay of Artificial Neural Network Based on the Analysis of Differential Equation by Inequality Expansion and Contraction Method Study on Establishment and Improvement Strategy of Aviation Equipment Research on Financial Risk Early Warning of Listed Companies Based on Stochastic Effect Mode The Model of Sugar Metabolism and Exercise Energy Expenditure Based on Fractional Linear Regression Equation Constructing Artistic Surface Modeling Design Based on Nonlinear Over-limit Interpolation Equation Numerical Simulation Analysis Mathematics of Fluid Mechanics for Semiconductor Circuit Breaker Characteristics of Mathematical Statistics Model of Student Emotion in College Physical Education Human Body Movement Coupling Model in Physical Education Class in the Educational Mathematical Equation of Reasonable Exercise Course The contribution of structural equation model analysis to higher education agglomeration and innovation and entrepreneurship Study on the evolutionary game theory of the psychological choice for online purchase of fresh produce under replicator dynamics formula The influence of X fuzzy mathematics method in basketball tactics scoring Mathematical statistics algorithm in the bending performance test of corroded reinforced concrete beams under fatigue load Nonlinear strategic human resource management based on organisational mathematical model Back propagation mathematical model for stock price prediction Evolutionary game research on the psychological choice of online shopping of fresh agricultural products based on dynamic simulation model Differential equation model of financial market stability based on big data Multi-attribute decision-making methods based on normal random variables in supply chain risk management Linear fractional differential equations in bank resource allocation and financial risk management model Construction and reform of art design teaching mode under the background of the integration of non-linear equations and the internet Spatial–temporal graph neural network based on node attention A contrastive study on the production of double vowels in Mandarin Financial accounting measurement model based on numerical analysis of rigid normal differential equation and rigid generalised functional equation Research of cascade averaging control in hydraulic equilibrium regulation of heating pipe network Mathematical analysis of civil litigation and empirical research of corporate governance Health monitoring of Bridges based on multifractal theory College students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability based on nonlinear model Health status diagnosis of the bridges based on multi-fractal de-trend fluctuation analysis Mathematical simulation analysis of optimal testing of shot puter's throwing path Performance evaluation of college laboratories based on fusion of decision tree and BP neural network Application and risk assessment of the energy performance contracting model in energy conservation of public buildings The term structure of economic management rate under the parameter analysis of the estimation model based on common differential equation Sensitivity analysis of design parameters of envelope enclosure performance in the dry-hot and dry-cold areas The Spatial Form of Digital Nonlinear Landscape Architecture Design Based on Computer Big Data The improvement of museum information flow based on paste functional mapping method The art design of industrialised manufacturing furniture products based on the simulation of mathematical curves TOPSIS missile target selection method supported by the posterior probability of target recognition Research on Evaluation of Intercultural Competence of Civil Aviation College Students Based on Language Operator The incentive contract of subject librarians in university library under the non-linear task importance Modelling and Simulation of Collaborative Innovation System in Colleges and Universities Based on Interpreted Structural Equation Model Small amplitude periodic solution of Hopf Bifurcation Theorem for fractional differential equations of balance point in group competitive martial arts The Optimal Solution of Feature Decomposition Based on the Mathematical Model of Nonlinear Landscape Garden Features Composite mechanical performance of prefabricated concrete based on hysteresis curve equation Higher education innovation and reform model based on hierarchical probit Application of Fuzzy Mathematics Calculation in Quantitative Evaluation of Students’ Performance of Basketball Jump Shot The teaching of sports science of track and field-based on nonlinear mathematical equations Visual error correction of continuous aerobics action images based on graph difference function Ecological balance model of effective utilization of agricultural water resources based on fractional differential equations Application of Higher Order Ordinary Differential Equation Model in Financial Investment Stock Price Forecast Precision algorithms in second-order fractional differential equations Application of Forced Modulation Function Mathematical Model in the Characteristic Research of Reflective Intensity Fibre Sensors Fractional differential equations in National Sports Training in Colleges and Universities Radioactive source search problem and optimisation model based on meta-heuristic algorithm Visualized calculation of regional power grid power data based on multiple linear regression equation Application of mathematical probabilistic statistical model of base – FFCA financial data processing Least-squares method and deep learning in the identification and analysis of name-plates of power equipment Research on a method of completeness index based on complex model Distribution network monitoring and management system based on intelligent recognition and judgement Fake online review recognition algorithm and optimisation research based on deep learning Research on the sustainable development and renewal of Macao inner harbour under the background of digitisation Support design of main retracement passage in fully mechanised coal mining face based on numerical simulation Study on the crushing mechanism and parameters of the two-flow crusher Topological optimisation technology of gravity dam section structure based on ANSYS partial differential equation operation Interaction design of financial insurance products under the Era of AIoT Modeling the pathway of breast cancer in the Middle East Corporate social responsibility fulfilment, product-market competition and debt risk: Evidence from China ARMA analysis of the green innovation technology of core enterprises under the ecosystem – Time series data Reconstruction of multimodal aesthetic critical discourse analysis framework Image design and interaction technology based on Fourier inverse transform What does students’ experience of e-portfolios suggest Research on China interregional industrial transformation slowdown and influencing factors of industrial transformation based on numerical simulation The medical health venture capital network community structure, information dissemination and the cognitive proximity The optimal model of employment and entrepreneurship models in colleges and universities based on probability theory and statistics A generative design method of building layout generated by path Analysis of the causes of the influence of the industrial economy on the social economy based on multiple linear regression equation Research of neural network for weld penetration control Analysing the action techniques of basketball players’ shooting training using calculus method Engineering project management based on multiple regression equation and building information modelling technology Research on predictive control of students’ performance in PE classes based on the mathematical model of multiple linear regression equation Beam control method for multi-array antennas based on improved genetic algorithm The influence of X fuzzy mathematical method on basketball tactics scoring Mathematical model of back propagation for stock price forecasting Application of regression function model based on panel data in bank resource allocation financial risk management Application of Logical Regression Function Model in Credit Business of Commercial Banks Research on aerobics training posture motion capture based on mathematical similarity matching statistical analysis Application of Sobolev-Volterra projection and finite element numerical analysis of integral differential equations in modern art design Research on motion capture of dance training pose based on statistical analysis of mathematical similarity matching Application of data mining in basketball statistics Application of B-theory for numerical method of functional differential equations in the analysis of fair value in financial accounting Research on the influence of fuzzy mathematics simulation model in the development of Wushu market Study on audio-visual family restoration of children with mental disorders based on the mathematical model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of differential equation Difference-in-differences test for micro effect of technological finance cooperation pilot in China Application of multi-attribute decision-making methods based on normal random variables in supply chain risk management Exploration on the collaborative relationship between government, industry, and university from the perspective of collaborative innovation The impact of financial repression on manufacturing upgrade based on fractional Fourier transform and probability AtanK-A New SVM Kernel for Classification Validity and reliability analysis of the Chinese version of planned happenstance career inventory based on mathematical statistics Visual positioning system for marine industrial robot assembly based on complex variable function Mechanical behaviour of continuous girder bridge with corrugated steel webs constructed by RW Application of Lane-Emden differential equation numerical method in fair value analysis of financial accounting Regression function model in risk management of bank resource allocation Application of numerical method of functional differential equations in fair value of financial accounting Optimal solution of fractional differential equations in solving the relief of college students’ mental obstacles Risk contagion in financial markets based on copula model Calculating university education model based on finite element fractional differential equations and macro-control analysis Automatic parameter selection ZVD shaping algorithm for crane vibration suppression based on particle swarm optimisation Educational research on mathematics differential equation to simulate the model of children's mental health prevention and control system Analysis of enterprise management technology and innovation based on multilinear regression model Verifying the validity of the whole person model of mental health education activities in colleges based on differential equation RETRACTION NOTE Calculation of tourism development income index based on finite element ordinary differential mathematical equation Adoption of deep learning Markov model combined with copula function in portfolio risk measurement Radar system simulation and non-Gaussian mathematical model under virtual reality technology Comparison of compression estimations under the penalty functions of different violent crimes on campus through deep learning and linear spatial autoregressive models Research and application of constructing football training linear programming based on multiple linear regression equation Research on management evaluation of enterprise sales cash flow percentage method based on the application of quadratic linear regression equations Mathematical simulation analysis of optimal detection of shot-putters’ best path Determination of the minimum distance between vibration source and fibre under existing optical vibration signals: a study Mathematical modelling of enterprise financial risk assessment based on risk conduction model Nonlinear differential equations based on the B-S-M model in the pricing of derivatives in financial markets Mathematical simulation experiment based on optimisation of heat treatment process of aluminium alloy materials Mathematical model of transforming image elements to structured data based on BP neural network Educational reform informatisation based on fractional differential equation 3D Mathematical Modelling Technology in Visual Rehearsal System of Sports Dance MCM of Student’s Physical Health Based on Mathematical Cone Sports health quantification method and system implementation based on multiple thermal physiology simulation Research on visual optimization design of machine–machine interface for mechanical industrial equipment based on nonlinear partial equations Informationisation of teaching model for track and field education based on finite element higher-order fractional differential equation Research on identifying psychological health problems of college students by logistic regression model based on data mining Information technology of preschool education reform of fine arts based on fractional differential equation Information Teaching Model of Preschool Art Education in Colleges and Universities Based on Finite Element Higher-Order Fractional Differential Equation A mathematical model of PCNN for image fusion with non-sampled contourlet transform Application of artificial intelligence algorithm in mathematical modelling and solving College Students’ Mental Health Climbing Consumption Model Based on Nonlinear Differential Equations Communication architecture of power monitoring system based on incidence matrix model Differential equation to verify the validity of the model of the whole-person mental health education activity in Universities Optimisation of Modelling of Finite Element Differential Equations with Modern Art Design Theory Analysis and Prediction of College Students’ Mental Health Based on K-means Clustering Algorithm Mathematical function data model analysis and synthesis system based on short-term human movement Human gait modelling and tracking based on motion functionalisation Analysis and synthesis of function data of human movement Energy-saving technology of BIM green buildings using fractional differential equation Study on the training model of football movement trajectory drop point based on fractional differential equation Financial Accounting Measurement Model Based on Numerical Analysis of Rigid Normal Differential Equation and Rigid Functional Equation User online consumption behaviour based on fractional differential equation Differential equation model of financial market stability based on Internet big data Multi-attribute Decision Method Based on Normal Random Variable in Economic Management Risk Control Children’s cognitive function and mental health based on finite element nonlinear mathematical model Dichotomy model based on the finite element differential equation in the educational informatisation teaching reform model Nonlinear Dissipative System Mathematical Equations in the Multi-regression Model of Information-based Teaching Stock price analysis based on the research of multiple linear regression macroeconomic variables Fractional Linear Regression Equation in Agricultural Disaster Assessment Model Based on Geographic Information System Analysis Technology