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Influence of Commercial Additives and y-Irradiation on Structural and Mechanical Properties of rHDPE/rGFRP

Maciej Jan SPYCHAŁA

Maciej Jan SPYCHAŁA

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics and Computational Science, Military University of Technology in WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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SPYCHAŁA, Maciej Jan
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Danuta MIEDZIŃSKA

Danuta MIEDZIŃSKA

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics and Computational Science, Military University of Technology in WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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MIEDZIŃSKA, Danuta
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Grzegorz SŁAWIŃSKI

Grzegorz SŁAWIŃSKI

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics and Computational Science, Military University of Technology in WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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SŁAWIŃSKI, Grzegorz
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Dorota GAJDA

Dorota GAJDA

Military Institute of Chemistry and RadiometryWarsaw, Poland
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GAJDA, Dorota
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Paulina LATKO-DURAŁEK

Paulina LATKO-DURAŁEK

Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of TechnologyWarsaw, Poland
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LATKO-DURAŁEK, Paulina
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Anna CZAJKA-WAROWNA

Anna CZAJKA-WAROWNA

Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of TechnologyWarsaw, Poland
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CZAJKA-WAROWNA, Anna
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Tomasz SZREDER

Tomasz SZREDER

Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Poland Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and TechnologyLodz, Poland
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SZREDER, Tomasz
  
Sep 05, 2025
Influence of Commercial Additives and y-Irradiation on Structural and Mechanical Properties of rHDPE/rGFRP's Cover Image
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Published Online: Sep 05, 2025
Page range: 350 - 361
Received: Feb 17, 2025
Accepted: Jun 06, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2025-0042
Keywords
© 2025 Maciej Jan SPYCHAŁA et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Geometry of injected specimens to mechanical and radiation tests
Geometry of injected specimens to mechanical and radiation tests

Fig. 2.

a)Gamma Chamber 5000 equipment; b) schematic of radioactive decay of 60Co
a)Gamma Chamber 5000 equipment; b) schematic of radioactive decay of 60Co

Fig. 3.

Mechanical parameters of rHDPE/rGFRP material with additives described below the chart: a) tensile modulus; b) tensile strength; c) offset yield strength
Mechanical parameters of rHDPE/rGFRP material with additives described below the chart: a) tensile modulus; b) tensile strength; c) offset yield strength

Fig. 4.

Surface of the materials rHDPE/rGFRP 40%: a) without additives; b) 3S; c) 3MAH
Surface of the materials rHDPE/rGFRP 40%: a) without additives; b) 3S; c) 3MAH

Fig. 5.

SEM images of the composite material with additives: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH
SEM images of the composite material with additives: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH

Fig. 6.

SEM images of the composite material with additives close-up view on fibre: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH
SEM images of the composite material with additives close-up view on fibre: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH

Fig. 7.

Optical microscope images of the composite material: a) rHDPE/rGFRP; b) 0.2P; c)0.5P; d) 0.3S; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH
Optical microscope images of the composite material: a) rHDPE/rGFRP; b) 0.2P; c)0.5P; d) 0.3S; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH

Fig. 8.

Mechanical parameters of irradiated specimens: a) tensile modulus of irradiated materials; b) offset yield strength; c) strain at tensile strength
Mechanical parameters of irradiated specimens: a) tensile modulus of irradiated materials; b) offset yield strength; c) strain at tensile strength

Fig. 9.

Engineering stress-strain relationship for non-irradiated (rHDPE/rGFRP and rHDPE) and irradiated samples (A40-A100 and B40-B100).
Engineering stress-strain relationship for non-irradiated (rHDPE/rGFRP and rHDPE) and irradiated samples (A40-A100 and B40-B100).

Fig. 10.

The surface of irradiated specimens after the tensile test: a) macro view on the degraded surface; b) close-up view on fibres; c) close-up view on resin fragment on the surface of the rHDPE/rGFRP sample after the tensile test
The surface of irradiated specimens after the tensile test: a) macro view on the degraded surface; b) close-up view on fibres; c) close-up view on resin fragment on the surface of the rHDPE/rGFRP sample after the tensile test

Fig. 11.

Failure locations of specimens after the tensile test: a) rHDPE; b) B40; c) B60; d) B80; e) B100; f) A40; g) A60; h) A80; i) A100
Failure locations of specimens after the tensile test: a) rHDPE; b) B40; c) B60; d) B80; e) B100; f) A40; g) A60; h) A80; i) A100

Fig. 12.

a)2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites before irradiation test
a)2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites before irradiation test

Fig. 13.

a) 2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites after irradiation test
a) 2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites after irradiation test

DSC parameters of irradiated samples

Sample name Tm,°C Tc,°C Xc,%
rHDPE/rGFRP 136 114 61.1
A40 134 114 61.2
A60 133 114 56.7
A80 132 114 57.7
A100 135 112 58.2
B0 132 118 64.1
B40 138 111 55.8
B60 133 114 55.5
B80 135 112 53.7
B100 131 114 53.9

DSC parameters determined for the rHDPE/rGFRP modified with various additives

Sample name Tm,°C Tc,°C Xc,%
rHDPE/rGFRP 136 114 61.1
0.2P 135 114 61.0
0.5P 137 113 62.2
1MAH 136 114 63.3
2MAH 137 113 62.4
3MAH 135 115 68.3
0.3S 136 114 63.9
1S 136 114 64.0
2S 136 114 61.4

Sample description with commercial additives names and mass shares

Additive Sample name rHDPE/rGFRP/x%abbrv. Additive concentration (wt%)
none rHDPE/rGFRP 0
IrgaCycle PS 032 G 0.2P 0.2
0.5P 0.5
Licocene® PE MS 431 1MAH 1.0
2MAH 2.0
3MAH 3.0
SilmaLink AX2292 0.3S 0.3
1S 1.0
2S 2.0

Radiation test samples names_

Material/Absorbed dose 0 kGy 40 kGy 60 kGy 80 kGy 100 kGy
rHDPE/rGFRP 40% A0 A40 A60 A80 A100
rHDPE B0 B40 B60 B80 B100
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