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Increased oxidative stress in shoe industry workers with low-level exposure to a mixture of volatile organic compounds

Nina Umićević
Nina Umićević
, 
Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
, 
Katarina Baralić
Katarina Baralić
, 
Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
, 
Evica Antonijević Miljaković
Evica Antonijević Miljaković
, 
Aleksandra Buha Đorđević
Aleksandra Buha Đorđević
, 
Marijana Ćurčić
Marijana Ćurčić
, 
Zorica Bulat
Zorica Bulat
 and 
Biljana Antonijević
Biljana Antonijević
   | Mar 29, 2024
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Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Mar 29, 2024
Page range: 51 - 60
Received: Nov 01, 2023
Accepted: Feb 01, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3804
Keywords
© 2024 Nina Umićević et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Participant age and BMI by sex, expressed as median and IQR

Exposed men (Production unit A) (N=11) Control men (N=25) Exposed women (Production unit B) (N=38) Control women (N=25)
Median age (years) 35 (29–37) 32 (27.5–39.5) 39 (31.75–45.25) 34 (27–40)
Median BMI (kg/m2) 26.90 (25.90–31.00) 24.22 (22.40–26.21) 25.75 (22.70–27.77) 24.00 (22.25–25.90)

Spearman’s non-parametric correlation between oxidative status parameters, employment duration, and trace metal levels in female workersexposed to a mixture of volatile organic compounds in the shoe industry

Employment years Fe mg/L) Mg (mg/L) Zn (mg/L) Cu (mg/L) AOPP (µmol/L) O2•− (mmol NBT/min/L) TOS (µmol/L) PAB (HKU) SOD (U/L) PON1 (U/L) TAS (µmol/L) SHG (mmol/L) Total proteins (g/L) OSI (AU)
AOPP (µmol/L) −0.049 0.027 0.092 −0.156 0.107 0.149 0.140 0.171 0.144 −0.283 −0.124 −0.047 0.009 0.205
O2•− (mmol NBT/min/L) 0.334* 0.076 0.060 0.059 0.199 0.149 −0.119 0.289 −0.184 0.153 −0.727** −0.334* −0.049 0.523**
TOS (µmol/L) −0.013 0.178 0.201 0.005 −0.122 0.140 −0.119 −0.188 −0.089 0.156 −0.012 0.453** −0.233 0.555**
PAB (HKU) 0.057 −0.064 −0.119 0.014 0.704** 0.171 0.289 −0.188 −0.134 0.241 0.156 −0.109 0.216 0.323*
SOD (U/L) −0.366* −0.161 −0.283 −0.186 0.026 0.144 −0.184 −0.089 −0.134 −0.390* 0.104 0.005 −0.008 −0.109
PON1 (U/L) 0.145 0.126 0.120 0.099 0.183 −0.283 0.153 0.156 0.156 −0.390* −0.080 0.368* 0.333* 0.207
TAS (µmol/L) −0.323* −0.116 −0.036 −0.133 −0.273 −0.124 −0.727** −0.012 −0.522** 0.104 −0.080 0.280 0.162 −0.806**
SHG (mmol/L) −0.376** 0.237 0.195 0.036 −0.184 −0.047 −0.371* 0.453** −0.109 0.005 0.368* 0.280 0.376* 0.069
Total proteins (g/L) −0.178 0.113 0.043 0.049 0.326* 0.009 −0.049 −0.233 0.216 −0.008 0.333* 0.162 0.376* −0.179
OSI (AU) 0.267 0.286 0.196 0.163 0.126 0.205 0.523** 0.555** 0.323* −0.109 0.207 −0.806** 0.069 −0.179
Fe (mg/L) 0.080 0.752** 0.851** −0.233 0.027 0.076 0.178 −0.064 −0.161 0.126 −0.116 0.237 0.113 0.286
Mg (mg/L) 0.065 0.752* 0.701** −0.182 0.092 0.060 0.201 −0.119 −0.283 0.120 −0.036 0.195 0.043 0.196
Zn (mg/L) 0.165 0.851* 0.701** −0.108 −0.156 0.059 0.005 0.014 −0.186 0.099 −0.133 0.036 0.049 0.163
Cu (mg/L) −0.091 −0.233 −0.182 −0.108 0.107 0.199 −0.122 0.704** 0.026 0.183 −0.273 −0.184 0.326* 0.126

Plasma redox status parameters and blood trace metal levels in shoe factory workers exposed to a mixture of volatile organic compounds vs controls by sex (means and interquartile ranges)

Men Women
Parameter Exposed workers (N=11) Control (N=25) p-value Exposed workers (N=38) Control (N=25) p-value
AOPP (µmol/L) 22.20 (19.10–38.00) 20.50 (17.53–23.06) 0.210 24.85 (21.90–26.93) 19.08 (16.37–22.69) <0.001
O2•− (mmol NBT/min 91.00 (56.00–132.00) 29.00 820.50–34.50) <0.001 199.00 (135.50–263.00) 29.00 (25.50–38.50) <0.001
TOS (µmol/L) 17.50 (14.90–21.00) 8.50 (8.10–10.05) <0.001 18.55 (17.08–19.80) 8.70 (7.90–12.00) <0.001
PAB (HKU) 115.07 (89.33–136.20) 85.38 (70.63–91.27) <0.001 175.70 (159.15–195.92) 88.59 (68.37–94.94) <0.001
SOD (U/L) 133.0 (78.00–142.00) 22.00 (15.50–43.00) <0.001 139.50 (105.75–146.00) 33.00 (21.00–41.50) <0.001
PON1 (U/L) 230.00 (93.00–444.00) 347.00(205.50–435.50) 0.233 217.50 (72.75–326.75) 393.00(276.50–489.50) <0.001
TAS (µmol/L) 1212.00 (1139.00–1261.00) 976.00 (779.00–1292.00) 0.071 996.50 (905.25–1159.00) 878.00 (760.00–1003.50) 0.008
SHG (mmol/L) 0.66 (0.63–0.69) 0.56 (0.45–0.63) 0.001 0.63 (0.60–0.67) 0.54 (0.50–0.59) <0.001
Total proteins (g/L) 85.60 (82.00–89.00) 67.60 (65.50–69.20) <0.001 94.30 (88.70–101.85) 67.60 (64.30–69.75) <0.001
OSI (AU) 1.38 (1.31–1.82) 0.85 (0.68–1.13) <0.001 1.84 (1.57–2.04) 0.99 (0.77–1.48) <0.001
Fe (mg/L) 630.00 (530.40–691.20) 544.72 (527.82–564.32) 0.057 467.20 (360.40–599.40) 99.22 (77.75–117.07) <0.001
Mg (mg/L) 46.48 (44.40–51.60) 33.91 (32.14–36.43) <0.001 36.72 (29.89–41.18) 39.67 (32.83–48.70) 0.039
Zn (mg/L) 6.96 (6.08–8.52) 5.27 (4.26–5.80) 0.001 5.70 (2.95–7.47) 6.98 (5.28–9.04) 0.032
Cu (mg/L) 0.64 (0.60–0.84) 0.82 (0.79–0.85) 0.024 0.52 (0.38–0.66) 2.28 (1.35–2.66) <0.001
Mn (µg/L) <LOQ 4.86 (4.09–7.29) <LOQ 3.17 (1.90–5.78)

Spearman’s non-parametric correlation between oxidative status parameters, employment duration, and trace metal levels in male workers exposed to a mixture of volatile organic compounds in the shoe industry

Employment years Fe (mg/L) Mg (mg/L) Zn (mg/L) Cu (mg/L) AOPP (µmol/L) O2•− (mmol NBT/min/L) TOS (µmol/L) PAB (HKU) SOD (U/L) PON1 (U/L) TAS (µmol/L) SHG (mmol/L) Total proteins (g/L) OSI (AU)
AOPP (µmol/L) 0.323 −0.145 0.410 0.245 0.215 0.036 0.827** −0.036 0.264 0.382 −0.545 0.418 0.755** 0.827**
O2•− (mmol NBT/min/L) 0.790** 0.182 0.264 0.418 −0.174 0.036 −0.091 0.336 0.709* 0.291 −0.136 −0.155 0.418 −0.009
TOS (µmol/L) −0.037 −0.036 0.437 0.309 0.050 0.827** −0.091 −0.136 −0.091 0.282 −0.482 0.745** 0.733** 0.918**
PAB (HKU) 0.199 0.318 0.292 0.145 −0.037 −0.036 0.336 −0.136 0.445 −0.073 −0.091 −0.400 0.291 0.027
SOD (U/L) 0.707* 0.255 0.528 0.518 0.110 0.264 0.709* −0.091 0.445 0.509 −0.336 −0.418 0.309 0.036
PON1 (U/L) 0.323 −0.082 0.387 0.509 0.238 0.382 0.291 0.282 −0.073 0.509 −0.464 0.173 0.264 0.300
TAS (µmol/L) −0.065 0.400 −0.387 0.009 −0.783** −0.545 −0.136 −0.482 −0.091 −0.336 −0.464 −0.055 −0.318 −0.673*
SHG (mmol/L) −0.240 0.145 0.251 0.255 −0.307 0.418 −0.155 0.745** −0.400 −0.418 0.173 −0.055 0.436 0.618**
Total proteins (g/L) 0.430 0.155 0.497 0.473 −0.174 0.755** 0.418 0.733** 0.291 0.309 0.264 −0.318 0.436 0.745**
OSI (AU) −0.028 −0.100 0.501 0.136 0.293 0.827** −0.009 0.918** 0.027 0.036 0.300 −0.673* 0.618* 0.745**
Fe (mg/L) −0.092 0.661* 0.673* −0.709* −0.145 0.182 −0.036 0.381 0.255 −0.082 0.400 0.145 0.155 −0.100
Mg (mg/L) −0.002 0.661* 0.720* −0.103 0.410 0.264 0.437 0.292 0.528 0.387 −0.387 0.251 0.497 0.501
Zn (mg/L) 0.286 0.673* 0.720* −0.517 0.245 0.418 0.309 0.145 0.518 0.509 0.009 0.255 0.473 0.136
Cu (mg/L) −0.095 −0.709* −0.103 −0.517 0.215 −0.174 0.050 −0.037 0.110 0.238 −0.783** −0.307 −0.174 0.293
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