<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Background</h3>
<p>White-water yam (<italic>Dioscorea alata L</italic>.) is one of the potential sources of starch; however, it is not yet available for commercial purposes. Besides, native white-water yam starch (WS) presents limited functionality due to poor flowability, mechanical properties and instability at high temperature and acidic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to modify the starch to improve its characteristics and make it useful as an excipient for the preparation of the tablets.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods</h3>
<p>The modification of WS was achieved by physical and chemical treatments, specifically pre-gelatinization and phosphorylation, respectively. Pre-gelatinization WS involves heating, meanwhile phosphorylation WS is obtained by treating WS with sodium tripolyphosphate.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The results showed that the powder of the modified WS has good characteristics which improved the flowability of the powder mixture as a granule based on density, porosity, compressibility index and swelling power determination. The WS granules were found to display the oval or irregular (polygonal) shape with the amylose content 11.92±0.61% for unmodified WS, 10.41±0.90% for pre-gelatinized WS and 12.61±1.75% for phosphorylated WS. Furthermore, the granule was formulated as an excipient in tablet preparations, and the formulas were compressed after wet granulation. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using uniformity of mass and size, hardness, friability and disintegration time. WS modification affects the hardness of tablets when used as a binder. Phosphorylated WS is recommended to be used as a binder in wet granulation formulations because it produces tablets with a longer disintegration time, which means better binding ability. However, the utilization of modified WS with both pre-gelatinization and phosphorylation leads to tablets with low brittleness compared to others with unmodified binder with the disintegration time still met the requirement of fast disintegrating tablet (&lt;15 minutes).</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>All the physical properties studied indicated that the modified WS is a promising pharmaceutical excipient in tablets.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Background
White-water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is one of the potential sources of starch; however, it is not yet available for commercial purposes. Besides, native white-water yam starch (WS) presents limited functionality due to poor flowability, mechanical properties and instability at high temperature and acidic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to modify the starch to improve its characteristics and make it useful as an excipient for the preparation of the tablets.

Materials and methods
The modification of WS was achieved by physical and chemical treatments, specifically pre-gelatinization and phosphorylation, respectively. Pre-gelatinization WS involves heating, meanwhile phosphorylation WS is obtained by treating WS with sodium tripolyphosphate.

Results
The results showed that the powder of the modified WS has good characteristics which improved the flowability of the powder mixture as a granule based on density, porosity, compressibility index and swelling power determination. The WS granules were found to display the oval or irregular (polygonal) shape with the amylose content 11.92±0.61% for unmodified WS, 10.41±0.90% for pre-gelatinized WS and 12.61±1.75% for phosphorylated WS. Furthermore, the granule was formulated as an excipient in tablet preparations, and the formulas were compressed after wet granulation. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using uniformity of mass and size, hardness, friability and disintegration time. WS modification affects the hardness of tablets when used as a binder. Phosphorylated WS is recommended to be used as a binder in wet granulation formulations because it produces tablets with a longer disintegration time, which means better binding ability. However, the utilization of modified WS with both pre-gelatinization and phosphorylation leads to tablets with low brittleness compared to others with unmodified binder with the disintegration time still met the requirement of fast disintegrating tablet (<15 minutes).

Conclusion
All the physical properties studied indicated that the modified WS is a promising pharmaceutical excipient in tablets.

Physicochemical properties of tablet dosage form based on pre-gelatinized- and phosphorylated-modified starches from white-water yam (<italic>Dioscorea alata</italic> L.)

Tadulako University: Universitas Tadulako

European Pharmaceutical Journal

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Physicochemical properties of tablet dosage form based on pre-gelatinized- and phosphorylated-modified starches from white-water yam ( L.)

Background
White-water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is one of the potential sources of starch; however, it is not yet available for commercial purposes. Besides,...

Ingredients	Concentration (%w/w)
Ingredients	F1	F2	F3
Paracetamol	77	77	77
Avicel pH 102	5	5	5
Unmodified WS	6	-	-
Pre-gelatinized WS	-	6	-
Phosphorylated WS	-	-	6
Talc	2	2	2
Magnesium stearate	1	1	1
Lactose	9	9	9

No	Powder Characteristics	Unmodified WS	Pre-gelatinized WS	Phosphorylation WS
1	Loss on drying (%)	6.45±0.69	4.04±0.18	3.04±0.09
2	Moisture content (%)	6.89±0.80	4.12±0.19	3.13±0.10
3	Tapped density (g / ml)	0.60±0.02	0.54±0.02	0.60±0.02
4	Apparent density (g / ml)	2.50±0.47	1.00±0.12	1.28±0.03
5	Bulk density (g / ml)	0.43±0.01	0.48±0.01	0.54±0.02
6	Porosity (%)	82.53±2.80	50.95±7.73	58.24±0.63
7	Hausner ratio	1.40±0.04	1.11±0.00	1.12±0.00
8	Flow rate (g / s)	Does not flow	5.53±0.01	4.05±0.05
9	Compressibility index (%)	28.56±2.24	9.68±0.27	10.72±0.34
10	Swelling power	3.65±1.15	3.81±3.06	5.09±4.16

Testing	Formula
Testing	F1	F2	F3
Weight (mg)	603.15±1.95	606.05±1.32	610.75±1.58
Diameter (mm)	12.12±0.04	12.10±0.02	12.10±0.01
Thickness (mm)	4.58±0.09	4.54±0.11	4.62±0.10
Hardness (Kgf)	5.20±0.11	6.42±0.09	7.81±0.08
Friability (%)	0.79±0.06	0.38±0.02	0.24±0.03
Disintegration time (minute)	1.88±0.73	8.04±0.97	12.45±0.80

Water yam starch (WS)	Amylose (%) (x̄μ ± SD)	Amylopectin (%) (x̄ ± SD)
Unmodified WS	11.92±0.61	88.08±0.61
Pre-gelatinized WS	10.41±0.90	89.59±0.90
Phosphorylation WS	12.61±1.75	87.39±1.75

Physicochemical properties of tablet dosage form based on pre-gelatinized- and phosphorylated-modified starches from white-water yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

Article Category: Original Paper

Published Online: Jun 08, 2024

Page range: -

Received: Jan 31, 2021

Accepted: Jul 07, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2024-0007

Keywords
modified-starch, white-water yam, pre-gelatinization, phosphorylation, tablet excipient

© 2024 E. Sulastri et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Formulation of Paracetamol Tablets.

Characteristics of Modified and Unmodified Water yam Starch (WS) Powder

Physical properties of paracetamol tablet

Determination of Amylose and Amylopectin content of WS

Physicochemical properties of tablet dosage form based on pre-gelatinized- and phosphorylated-modified starches from white-water yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

Article Category: Original Paper

Published Online: Jun 08, 2024

Page range: -

Received: Jan 31, 2021

Accepted: Jul 07, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2024-0007

Keywordsmodified-starch, white-water yam, pre-gelatinization, phosphorylation, tablet excipient

© 2024 E. Sulastri et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Formulation of Paracetamol Tablets.

Characteristics of Modified and Unmodified Water yam Starch (WS) Powder

Physical properties of paracetamol tablet

Determination of Amylose and Amylopectin content of WS

Keywords
modified-starch, white-water yam, pre-gelatinization, phosphorylation, tablet excipient