The Role of the Nephrologist in the Treatment and Prevention of Nephrolithiasis
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Aug 31, 2024
About this article
Published Online: Aug 31, 2024
Page range: 100 - 109
Received: May 14, 2024
Accepted: Jun 14, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acm-2024-0013
Keywords
© 2024 Vnucak Matej et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Pharmacological substances used for kidney stone prevention
|
Alkalinisation Hypocitraturia Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallisation |
Calcium oxalate Uric acid Cystine |
|
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Hyperuricosuria Hyperuricaemia |
Calcium oxalate Uric acid Ammonium urate 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine |
|
| Enteric hyperoxaluria | Calcium oxalate | |
|
Cystinuria Active decrease of urinary cystine levels |
Cystine | |
|
Hyperuricosuria Hyperuricaemia |
Calcium oxalate Uric acid |
|
| Urine acidification |
Infection stones Ammonium urate Calcium phosphate |
|
|
Isolated Hypomagnesuria Enteric hyperoxaluria |
Calcium oxalate | |
|
Alkalinisation Hypocitraturia |
Uric acid Cystine |
|
| Primary hyperoxaluria | Calcium oxalate | |
| Hypercalciuria |
Calcium oxalate Calcium phosphate |
|
| Cystinuria | Cystine |
General preventive measures for kidney stone formation
| Fluid intake | Fluid amount: 2500–3000 ml |
| Water is the preferred fluid. | |
| Diuresis: 2000–2500 ml/24 hours | |
| Specific weight of urine: < 1,010 g/day | |
| Nutritional advice for a balanced diet | Balanced diet – avoid excessive intake of vitamin supplements |
| Increase intake of fibre and vegetables | |
| Optimal calcium intake 1000–1200 g a day | |
| Limited salt intake < 4–5 g/day | |
| Limited animal protein intake: 800–1000 mg/day | |
| Lifestyle advice | Normal BMI |
| Adequate physical activity | |
| Avoid excessive fluid loss | |
| Reduce intake of alcohol | |
| Reduce intake of calorie-containing fluids |