Re-Emphasizing the Roles of General Medical and Dental Practitioners Regarding Oral Cancer Eradication in Nigeria

1. Inchingolo F, Santacroce L, Ballini A, Topi S, Dipalma G, Haxhirexha K, Bottalico L, Charitos IA. Oral Cancer: A Historical Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3168.10.3390/ijerph17093168724676332370133 Search in Google Scholar

2. Ren ZH, Hu CY, He HR, Li YJ, Lyu J. Global and regional burdens of oral cancer from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2020;40(2-3):81-92.10.1002/cac2.12009716373132067418 Search in Google Scholar

3. Adebola RA, Bamgbose BO, Adeoye JB, Amole TG. Research article: Awareness of oral cancer in a northwestern Nigerian state: assessing the knowledge, opinion and practice of traditional healers and herbalists. J Oral Oncol 2013:263150.10.1155/2013/263150 Search in Google Scholar

4. Okoh M, Okoh DS. Oral cancer-The Nigerian perspective. J Mol Biomark Diagn 2017;8:369.10.4172/2155-9929.1000369 Search in Google Scholar

5. Kanmodi KK, Kanmodi PA. Rising prevalence of head and neck cancer risk factors among Nigerian adolescents: A call for school-based intervention programmes. Popul Med 2020;2(May):13.10.18332/popmed/120970 Search in Google Scholar

6. Kanmodi KK, Fagbule OF. Towards head and neck cancer prevention in Nigeria: Insights from the CHANCE programme. Popul Med 2020;2(June):16.10.18332/popmed/122454 Search in Google Scholar

7. da Lilly-Tariah OB, Somefun AO, Adeyemo WL. Current evidence on the burden of head and neck cancers in Nigeria. Head Neck Oncol. 2009;1:14.10.1186/1758-3284-1-14269419219476614 Search in Google Scholar

8. Otoh EC, Johnson NW, Danfillo IS, et al. Primary head and neck cancers in North Eastern Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2004;23(4):305-13. Search in Google Scholar

9. Somefun OA, Nwawolo CC, Okeowo PA, et al. Prognostic factors in the management outcome of carcinoma of the larynx in Lagos. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2003;10(2):103-6. Search in Google Scholar

10. Sowemimo GO, Ademiluyi SA, Oyeneyin JO. Salivary gland tumours. Niger Med J. 1978;8(2):119-23. Search in Google Scholar

11. Ketiku KK, Igbinoba F, Okeowo PA. Nasopharyngeal cancer in Nigeria – A revisit. Niger Postgrad Med J. 1998;5:7–11. Search in Google Scholar

12. Lilly-Tariah da OB, Somefun OA. Outcome of total laryngectomy in the treatment of cancer of the larynx in the middle belt plateau of Nigeria. Nig J Surg. 2002;8:35–38. Search in Google Scholar

13. Gbotolorun OM, Ayodele ASO, Oojede ACO, Adamson OO, Emeka CI, Amoo AT. Knowledge and screening practices for oral cancers amongst general dental practitioners in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr J Biomed Res 2014;17: 69-73. Search in Google Scholar

14. Gbotolorun OM, Eweka O, Lawal A, et al. Knowledge, opinions, and practices about oral cancer among general medical practitioners in Lagos, Nigeria. J Oral Res Rev 2015;7(1):6-11.10.4103/2249-4987.160169 Search in Google Scholar

15. Rivera C. Review article: Essentials of oral cancer: Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015;8(9):11884-11894. Search in Google Scholar

16. Baykul T, Yilmaz HH, Aydin U, Aydin MA, Aksoy M, Yildirim D. Early diagnosis of oral cancer. J Int Med Res. 2010 May-Jun;38(3):737-49.10.1177/14732300100380030220819411 Search in Google Scholar

17. Bagan J, Sarrion G, Jimenez Y. Oral cancer: clinical features. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):414-7.10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.00920400366 Search in Google Scholar

18. Arotiba JT, Obiechina AE, Fasola OA, Fawole OI, Ajagbe HA. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of 246 Nigerian cases. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1999;28(3-4):141-4. Search in Google Scholar

19. Conway DI, Purkayastha M, Chestnutt IG. The changing epidemiology of oral cancer: definitions, trends, and risk factors. Br Dent J. 2018;225(9):867-873.10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.922 Search in Google Scholar

20. Hille J, Johnson NW. The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: An estimate as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum, 2016. Trans Res Oral Oncol 2017;2:1-13.10.1177/2057178X17721094 Search in Google Scholar

21. Nylander K, Dabelsteen E, Hall PA. The p53 molecule and its prognostic role in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. J Oral Pathol Med. 2000;29(9):413-25.10.1034/j.1600-0714.2000.290901.x Search in Google Scholar

22. Scully C, Bedi R. Ethnicity and oral cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2000;1(1):37-42.10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00008-5 Search in Google Scholar

23. Otoh EC, Johnson NW, Mandong BM, et al. Pattern of oral cancers in the North Central zone of Nigeria. Afr J Oral Health 2004;1(1):47-53.10.4314/ajoh.v1i1.31305 Search in Google Scholar

24. Odukoya O, Roberts T, Aroll G. A cytologic study of the effect of Kolanut on the keratinization of the palatal mucosal of Nigerian smokers. Afr Dent J. 1990;4(1-5):1-5. Search in Google Scholar

25. Dongo LN, Manjula K, Orisajo SB. Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Kolanuts. Annual report of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria. 2007;28. Search in Google Scholar

26. Harty LC, Caporaso NE, Hayes RB, Winn DM, Bravo-Otero E, Blot WJ, Kleinman DV, Brown LM, Armenian HK, Fraumeni JF Jr, Shields PG. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype and risk of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(22):1698-705.10.1093/jnci/89.22.16989390539 Search in Google Scholar

27. Rudolf P, Ayvis K. Ulcerative conditions. In: Regezi J, Scuibba J, Jordan R (Eds). Oral pathology clinical pathologic corrections. Saunders, Missouri, 2003. p 52-55. Search in Google Scholar

28. Reidy J, McHugh E, Stassen LF. A review of the relationship between alcohol and oral cancer. Surgeon. 2011;9(5):278-83.10.1016/j.surge.2011.01.01021843823 Search in Google Scholar

29. Clifford GM, Smith JS, Plummer M, Muñoz N, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2003;88(1):63-73.10.1038/sj.bjc.6600688237678212556961 Search in Google Scholar

30. Reddout N, Christensen T, Bunnell A, Jensen D, Johnson D, O’Malley S, Kingsley K. High risk HPV types 18 and 16 are potent modulators of oral squamous cell carcinoma phenotypes in vitro. Infect Agent Cancer. 2007;2:21.10.1186/1750-9378-2-21220600718001474 Search in Google Scholar

31. Kujan O, Farah CS, Johnson NW. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: Incidence, Mortality. Trends and gaps in public databases as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum. Trans Res Oral Oncol 2017;2:1-9. Search in Google Scholar

32. Winn DM. Diet and nutrition in the etiology of oral cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(2):437S-445S.10.1093/ajcn/61.2.437S7840089 Search in Google Scholar

33. Lippman SM, Benner SE, Hong WK. Cancer chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(4):851-73.10.1200/JCO.1994.12.4.851 Search in Google Scholar

34. Rennie JS, MacDonald DG, Dagg JH. Quantitative analysis of human buccal epithelium in iron deficiency anaemia. J Oral Pathol. 1982;11(1):39-46.10.1111/j.1600-0714.1982.tb00141.x Search in Google Scholar

35. Rennie JS, MacDonald DG. Quantitative histological analysis of the epithelium of the ventral surface of hamster tongue in experimental iron deficiency. Arch Oral Biol. 1982;27(5):393-7.10.1016/0003-9969(82)90148-0 Search in Google Scholar

36. Paterson DR. A Clinical Type of Dysphagia. Proc R Soc Med. 1919;12(Laryngol Sect):235-9.10.1177/0035915719012006110 Search in Google Scholar

37. Ahlbom HE. Simple achlorhydric anaemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and carcinoma of the mouth, pharynx, and oesophagus in women: Observations at Radiumhemmet, Stockholm. Br Med J. 1936;2(3945):331-3.10.1136/bmj.2.3945.331 Search in Google Scholar

38. Hashibe M, Jacob BJ, Thomas G, Ramadas K, Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Zhang ZF. Socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors and oral premalignant lesions. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(7):664-71.10.1016/S1368-8375(03)00074-5 Search in Google Scholar

39. Ferraroni M, Negri E, La Vecchia C, D’Avanzo B, Franceschi S. Socioeconomic indicators, tobacco and alcohol in the aetiology of digestive tract neoplasms. Int J Epidemiol, 1989;18(3):556-562.10.1093/ije/18.3.5562807657 Search in Google Scholar

40. Elwood JM, Pearson JC, Skippen DH, Jackson SM. Alcohol, Smoking, social, and occupational factors in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Int J Cancer 1984;34(5):603-612.10.1002/ijc.29103405046500740 Search in Google Scholar

41. Johnson S, McDonald JT, Corsten M, Rourke R. Socio-economic status and head and neck cancer incidence in Canada: a case-control study. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(3):200-3.10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.12.00420138799 Search in Google Scholar

42. Petersen PE. Oral cancer prevention and control--the approach of the World Health Organization. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4-5):454-60.10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.02318804412 Search in Google Scholar

43. Adeola DS, Obiadazie AC. Oro-facial carcinoma in Kaduna. Nigerian Journal of Surgical Research. 2006; 8(3-4):144-14710.4314/njsr.v8i3-4.54877 Search in Google Scholar

44. Patel BP, Trivedi PJ, Brahmbhatt MM, Shukla SN, Shah PM, Bakshi SR. Mutagen sensitivity in oral cancer patients, healthy tobacco chewers and controls. Acta Cytol. 2010;54(2):169-74.10.1159/00032500320391973 Search in Google Scholar

45. Saranath D, Chang SE, Bhoite LT, Panchal RG, Kerr IB, Mehta AR, Johnson NW, Deo MG. High frequency mutation in codons 12 and 61 of H-ras oncogene in chewing tobacco-related human oral carcinoma in India. Br J Cancer. 1991;63(4):573-8.10.1038/bjc.1991.13319723572021541 Search in Google Scholar

46. Johnson NW. Detection of patients and lesions at risk. Oral cancer 1991;2:47-9 Search in Google Scholar

47. Matsuda H, Konishi N, Hiasa Y, Hayashi I, Tsuzuki T, Tao M, Kitahori Y, Yoshioka N, Kirita T, Sugimura M. Alterations of p16/CDKN2, p53 and ras genes in oral squamous cell carcinomas and premalignant lesions. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(5):232-8.10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb01377.x8835820 Search in Google Scholar

48. Osterkamp RW, Whitten JB. The etiology and pathogenesis of oral cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 1973;23(1):28-32.10.3322/canjclin.23.1.284630494 Search in Google Scholar

49. Kvam BM, Romundstad PR, Boffetta P, Andersen A. Cancer in the Norwegian printing industry. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2005;31(1):36-43.10.5271/sjweh.84615751617 Search in Google Scholar

50. Schildt EB, Eriksson M, Hardell L, Magnuson A. Occupational exposures as risk factors for oral cancer evaluated in a Swedish case-control study. Oncol Rep. 1999;6(2):317-20.10.3892/or.6.2.317 Search in Google Scholar

51. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Fraumeni JF Jr. Occupation and oral cancer among women in the South. Am J Ind Med. 1982;3(2):161-7.10.1002/ajim.47000302067137172 Search in Google Scholar

52. Brasil VLM, Ramos Pinto MB, Bonan RF, Kowalski LP, da Cruz Perez DE. Pesticides as risk factors for head and neck cancer: A review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47(7):641-651.10.1111/jop.1270129489035 Search in Google Scholar

53. Enwonwu CO, Meeks VI. Bionutrition and oral cancer in humans. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1995;6(1):5-17.10.1177/104544119500600104017632867 Search in Google Scholar

54. Johnson NW. Orofacial neoplasms: global epidemiology, risk factors and recommendations for research. Int Dent J. 1991;41(6):365-75. Search in Google Scholar

55. Ajayi OF, Adeyemo WL, Ladeinde AL, Ogunlewe MO, Effiom OA, Omitola OG, Arotiba GT. Primary malignant neoplasms of orofacial origin: a retrospective review of 256 cases in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;36(5):403-8.10.1016/j.ijom.2007.01.00717391919 Search in Google Scholar

56. Chidzonga MM. Oral malignant neoplasia: a survey of 428 cases in two Zimbabwean hospitals. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(2):177-83.10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.07.00316256412 Search in Google Scholar

57. Menezes FDS, Latorre MDRDO, Conceição GMS, Curado MP, Antunes JLF, Toporcov TN. The emerging risk of oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer in HPV-related subsites in young people in Brazil. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232871.10.1371/journal.pone.0232871722447532407339 Search in Google Scholar

58. Ajayi OO. Cancer in Africa. Proceedings of a workshop of the West African College of physicians Ed. Olatunbosun DA. 1981 pp 168-169. Search in Google Scholar

59. Owor R. Cancer as seen in east Africa. In: Olatunbosun DA, editor. Cancer in Africa Proceedings of a workshop of the West African College of Physicians. 1981; pp 33–49. Search in Google Scholar

60. Effiom OA, Adeyemo WL, Omitola OG, Ajayi OF, Emmanuel MM, Gbotolorun OM. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic review of 233 cases in Lagos, Nigeria. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(8):1595-9.10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.02518634945 Search in Google Scholar

61. Arotiba GT, Ladeinde AL, Oyeneyin JO, Nwawolo CC, Banjo AA, Ajayi OF. Malignant orofacial neoplasms in Lagos, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 2006 Mar;83(3):62-8.10.4314/eamj.v83i3.939916771101 Search in Google Scholar

62. Olusanya AA, Adisa AO, Aladelusi TO, Lawal OA, Adeyemi BF, Gbolahan OO, et al. Orofacial cancers: pattern and management in Ibadan, Nigeria. Med J Zambia. 2018; 45(4):179-188. Search in Google Scholar

63. Scully C, Bagan J. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: overview of current understanding of aetiopathogenesis and clinical implications. Oral Dis. 2009;15(6):388-99.10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01563.x19371401 Search in Google Scholar

64. Huber MA. A review of premalignant oral conditions. Tex Dent J. 2006;123(6):502-9. Search in Google Scholar

65. Bagan J, Sarrion G, Jimenez Y. Oral cancer: clinical features. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):414-7.10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.00920400366 Search in Google Scholar

66. Sloan P. Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions: clinical presentation. Periodontol 2000. 2011;57(1):10-8.10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00391.x21781176 Search in Google Scholar

67. Sharma RG, Bang B, Verma H, Mehta JM. Profile of oral squamous cell cancer in tertiary level medical college Hospital: 10-year study. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2012;3(3):250-4.10.1007/s13193-012-0165-z344458623997517 Search in Google Scholar

68. Awadallah M, Idle M, Patel K, Kademani D. Management update of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125(6):628-636.10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.01029656948 Search in Google Scholar

69. Porter S, Gueiros LA, Leão JC, Fedele S. Risk factors and etiopathogenesis of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125(6):603-611.10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.00829891084 Search in Google Scholar

70. Van Zyl AW, Bunn BK. Clinical features of oral cancer. South African Dental Journal. 2012;67(10): 566-569. Search in Google Scholar

71. Yang SW, Lee YS, Chang LC, Hwang CC, Chen TA. Use of endoscopy with narrow-band imaging system in detecting squamous cell carcinoma in oral chronic non-healing ulcers. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(3):949-59.10.1007/s00784-013-1027-y23835583 Search in Google Scholar

72. Dios PD, Lestón JS. Oral cancer pain. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):448-51.10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.02.01720308009 Search in Google Scholar

73. Stavrianos SD, Camilleri IG, McLean NR, Piggot TA, Kelly CG, Soames JV. Malignant tumours of the maxillary complex: an 18-year review. Br J Plast Surg. 1998;51(8):584-8.10.1054/bjps.1998.029810209459 Search in Google Scholar

74. Kim OS, Uhm SW, Kim SC, Lee BA, Kim OJ, Kim YJ et al. A case of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as localized severe periodontitis in maxillary gingiva. L Periodontal. 2012;83(6):753-6.10.1902/jop.2011.11046522050549 Search in Google Scholar

75. Kohler H, Kowalski L. Prognostic impact of level of neck metastasis in oral cancer patients. Braz J Otorhinolaryngology. 2012;78(6):15-20.10.5935/1808-8694.2012002723306562 Search in Google Scholar

76. Adeyemi BF, Kolude B. Clinical presentation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2013;20(2):108-10. Search in Google Scholar

77. Li Q, Wu D, Liu WW, Li H, Liao WG, Zhang XR, Liu ZM, Guo ZM, Liu XK. Survival impact of cervical metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of hard palate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116(1):23-7.10.1016/j.oooo.2013.01.00523522641 Search in Google Scholar

78. Omitola OG, Soyele OO, Sigbeku O, Okoh D, Akinshipo AO, Butali A, Adeola HA. A multi-centre evaluation of oral cancer in Southern and Western Nigeria: an African oral pathology research consortium initiative. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;28:64.10.11604/pamj.2017.28.64.13089587321929599879 Search in Google Scholar

79. Oji C, Chukwuneke FN. Oral cancer in Enugu, Nigeria, 1998-2003. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;45(4):298-301.10.1016/j.bjoms.2006.09.00117056166 Search in Google Scholar

80. Arotiba JT, Obiechina AE, Fasola OA, Fawole OI, Ajagbe HA. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of 246 Nigerian cases. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1999;28(3-4):141-4. Search in Google Scholar

81. Bhatia PL. Head and neck cancer in Plateau state of Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 1990;9(4):304-10. Search in Google Scholar

82. Edington GM, Maclean CM. A cancer rate survey in Ibadan, Western Nigeria, 1960-63. Br J Cancer. 1965;19(3):470-81. Search in Google Scholar

83. Olege FE, Adeniyi K.A, Segun-Busari S. Clinico pathological study of head and neck cancers in Ilorin, Nigeria Trop Doct 2005;35(1):2-4. Search in Google Scholar

84. Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, Boniol M, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(1):155-64.10.1002/ijc.2303317893872 Search in Google Scholar

85. Lawal AO, Kolude B, Adeyemi BF. Oral cancer: The Nigerian experience. Int J Med Med Sci 2013;5(4):178-183. Search in Google Scholar

86. Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C. Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3235-42.10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6995497908626351338 Search in Google Scholar

87. Hennessey PT, Westra WH, Califano JA. Human papillomavirus and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: recent evidence and clinical implications. J Dent Res. 2009;88(4):300-6.10.1177/0022034509333371331794719407148 Search in Google Scholar

88. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(2):467-75.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-055115734974 Search in Google Scholar

89. Asogwa EU, Otuonye AH, Mokwunye FC, Oluyole KA, Ndubuaku TCN, Uwagboe EO. Kolanut production, processing and marketing in the South-Eastern states in Nigeria. Afr J Plant Sci. 2012; 5(10):547-551. Search in Google Scholar

90. Asuzu CC, Akin-Odanye EO, Asuzu MC, Holland J. A socio-cultural study of traditional healers role in African health care. Infect Agent Cancer. 2019;14:15. doi: 10.1186/s13027-019-0232-y.10.1186/s13027-019-0232-y658512531249608 Search in Google Scholar

91. Buba LF, Ibrahim AM. Temperature variations as evidence of climate change in Northern Nigeria. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2017;10(2):99-106. Search in Google Scholar

92. Perea-Milla López E, Miñarro-Del Moral RM, Martínez-García C, Zanetti R, Rosso S, Serrano S, Aneiros JF, Jimenez-Puente A, Redondo M. Lifestyles, environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case-control study in southern Spain. Br J Cancer. 2003;88(11):1702-7.10.1038/sj.bjc.6600975237713812771984 Search in Google Scholar

93. Adeloye D, Auta A, Fawibe A, Gadanya M, Ezeigwe N, Mpazanje RG, Dewan MT, Omoyele C, Alemu W, Harhay MO, Adewole IF. Current prevalence pattern of tobacco smoking in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1719.10.1186/s12889-019-8010-8692586431864324 Search in Google Scholar

94. Ajayi AI, Owolabi EO, Olajire OO. Alcohol use among Nigerian university students: prevalence, correlates and frequency of use. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):752.10.1186/s12889-019-7104-7656759731196039 Search in Google Scholar

95. Kanmodi K, Fagbule O, Ogunniyi K, Ogbeide M, Samuel V, Aliemeke E, Olatunji Y, Isola T, Adewuyi H, Musa S. Determinants of sexual practices among secondary school students in Nigeria: Focusing on socio-cultural and school-related factors. Rwanda Med J 2020;77(4):32-37. Search in Google Scholar

96. Kanmodi KK, Adegbile OE, Ogidan IO, Kanmodi PA. What are we learning on social media about shisha? A case study of top 50 short English YouTube shisha videos. Yen Med J 2020;2(4):38-47. Search in Google Scholar

97. Coelho KR. Challenges of the oral cancer burden in India. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2012;2012:701932.10.1155/2012/701932347144823093961 Search in Google Scholar

98. Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR. Adjunctive techniques for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(7):896-905.10.14219/jada.archive.2008.027618594075 Search in Google Scholar

99. Messadi DV. Diagnostic aids for detection of oral precancerous conditions. Int J Oral Sci. 2013 Jun;5(2):59-65.10.1038/ijos.2013.24370706923743617 Search in Google Scholar

100. Kanmodi KK. Dentists’ role in clinical tobacco cessation interventions: The status in Nigeria. Popul Med 2020;2(November):37.10.18332/popmed/128323 Search in Google Scholar