Open Access

Dynamic Replacement: The Influence of Pounder Diameter and Ground Conditions on Shape and Diameter of the Columns

Sławomir Kwiecień
Sławomir Kwiecień
 and 
Magdalena Kowalska
Magdalena Kowalska
   | Apr 24, 2023
Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment's Cover Image
About this article
Previous Article
Next Article
Cite
Published Online: Apr 24, 2023
Page range: 71 - 84
Received: Mar 10, 2022
Accepted: Dec 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0005
Keywords
© 2023 Sławomir Kwiecień et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Process of dynamic replacement: a) construction of the working platform, b) drop of pounder and crater creation, c) crater backfill, d-e) drop of pounder and crater backfill, f) complete DR column [15]
Process of dynamic replacement: a) construction of the working platform, b) drop of pounder and crater creation, c) crater backfill, d-e) drop of pounder and crater backfill, f) complete DR column [15]

Figure 2.

Shapes of columns at site No. 1.: C1 (left), C2 (right)
Shapes of columns at site No. 1.: C1 (left), C2 (right)

Figure 3.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 1, columns C1 and C2
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 1, columns C1 and C2

Figure 4.

Shapes of columns at site No. 2.: C3 (top), C4 (bottom)
Shapes of columns at site No. 2.: C3 (top), C4 (bottom)

Figure 5.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 2, columns C3 and C4
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 2, columns C3 and C4

Figure 6.

Shapes of columns at site No. 3.: C5 (top), C6 (middle), C7 (bottom)
Shapes of columns at site No. 3.: C5 (top), C6 (middle), C7 (bottom)

Figure 7.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 3, columns C5, C6 and C7
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 3, columns C5, C6 and C7

Figure 8.

Shapes of columns at site No. 4: C8 (top), C9 (middle), C10 (bottom)
Shapes of columns at site No. 4: C8 (top), C9 (middle), C10 (bottom)

Figure 9.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 4, columns C8, C9 and C10
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 4, columns C8, C9 and C10

Figure 10.

Shapes of columns at site No. 5: C11 (top), C12 (bottom)
Shapes of columns at site No. 5: C11 (top), C12 (bottom)

Figure 11.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 5, columns C11 and C12
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 5, columns C11 and C12

Figure 12.

Shapes of columns at site No. 6: C13 (top), C14 (bottom)
Shapes of columns at site No. 6: C13 (top), C14 (bottom)

Figure 13.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 6, columns C13 and C14
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 6, columns C13 and C14

Figure 14.

Shapes of columns at site No. 7: C15 (top), C16 (bottom)
Shapes of columns at site No. 7: C15 (top), C16 (bottom)

Figure 15.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 7, columns C15 and C16
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 7, columns C15 and C16

Figure 16.

Shapes of columns at site No. 8: C17 (top), C18 (bottom)
Shapes of columns at site No. 8: C17 (top), C18 (bottom)

Figure 17.

Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 8, columns C17 and C18
Dependence between the ratio of the column and pounder diameters (Dc/Dp) and the relative depth (H/Hc) – Site No. 8, columns C17 and C18

Figure 18.

Propagation of the aggregate during driving a floating DR column [15]
Propagation of the aggregate during driving a floating DR column [15]

Figure 19.

Relation between the consistency of the weakest soil and the relative maximal diameters of the columns
Relation between the consistency of the weakest soil and the relative maximal diameters of the columns

Figure 20.

Relation between the Hs/Hp ratios and the mean relative diameters of columns Dcm/Dp
Relation between the Hs/Hp ratios and the mean relative diameters of columns Dcm/Dp

Figure 21.

Relation between the maximum grain size of the aggregate used as the replacement material and the mean relative diameters of the columns Dcm/Dp
Relation between the maximum grain size of the aggregate used as the replacement material and the mean relative diameters of the columns Dcm/Dp

Geographic location and ground conditions at the sites

Site No. Location (Poland) Ground conditions
1. S7 motorway,km 711+050

Organic clayey mud, IC = 0.56 - 0.60 (0 – 1.70 m – C1; 0 – 2.00 m – C2)

Gravel, ID = 50% (down to 4.00 m)
2. A1 highway,km 516+715

Working platform (0 – 0.60 m)

Organic Mud, Ic = 0.56 – 0.60 (0.60 - 1.50 m)

Silty Clay + Or, Ic = 0.62 (1.50 – 2.00 m – C3; 1.50 – 2.10 m – C4)

Sandy Silt + Or, Ic = 0.42 (2.00 – 2.50 m – C3; 2.10 – 2.60 m – C4)

Fine Sand, ID = 65% (down to 5.00 m)
3. A1 highway,km 512+520

Working platform (0 – 0.50 m)

Made ground (0.50 – 1.20 m)

Sandy Silt, IC = 0.58 (1.20 – 2.80 m – C5; 1.20 - 3.00 m – C6; 1.20 - 3.30 m – C7)

Coarse Sand, ID = 65% (down to 5.00 m).
4. A4 highway,km 467+260

Working platform (0 - 0.50 m)

Silty Clay, IC = 0.50 (0.50 – 1.00 m – C10)

Sandy Silt, Ic = 0.50 (0.50 – 3.20 m – C8; 0.50 – 3.10 m – C9; 1.00 – 3.50 m – C10)

Medium Sand, ID = 55 – 70%, (down to 5.0 m)
5. A4 highway,km 461+050

Working platform (0 - 0.50 m)

Silty Clay + Or, IC = 0.65 – 0.76 (0.50 – 2.30 m – C11; 0.50 – 2.10 m – C12)

Sandy Silt, IC = 0.52 – 0.56 (2.30 – 3.20 m – C11; 2.10 – 3.20 m – C12)

Medium Sand, ID = 70 – 90% (down to 5.00 m)
6. A4 highway,km 462+600

Working platform (0 – 0.50 m)

Silty Clay + Or, IC = 0.50 (0.50 – 1.00 m)

Peat (1.00 – 1.20 m)

Organic Mud, IC = 0.44 (1.20 – 3.40 m)

Gravely Sand, ID = 50% (down to 5.00 m)
7. A4 highway,km 464+720

Working platform (0 - 0.20 m

Silty Clay + Or, IC = 0.76 (0.20 – 1.40 m)

Organic Mud, IC = 0.37 (1.40 – 3.40 m – C15; 1.40 – 3.50 m – C16)

Medium Sand, ID = 80% (down to 5.00 m)
8. A4 highway,km 461 + 150

Working platform (0 – 0.50 m)

Clay, Silty Clay, IC = 0.70 – 0.72 (0.50 – 2.40 m – C17; 0.50 – 2.50 m – C18)

Medium Sand, ID = 0.30 (2.40 – 3.2 m – C17) or Silty Clay, IC = 0.6 (2.5 – 3.2 m – C18)

Silty Clay, IC = 0.60 (3.20 – 3.80 m – C17 & C18)

Medium Sand, ID = 55% (down to 6.00 m)

Literature review

Author(s) Ground conditions Dc/Dp [-] Mp/Hd [Mg] / [m] Shapes of columns
Kumar [4] 0–0.6 m: fill0.6–1.5 m: medium stiff sandy silt1.5–3.0 m: medium stiff silty clay3.0–12.5 m: loose fine and medium sand 1.0 – 1.25 19 / 21 -
Varaksin and Hamidi [19] 0–1.5 m: disturbed clayfrom 1.5 m: very stiff clay 1.41 38.5 / 5 -
Lo et al. [25] 0–5.8 m: peaty clayfrom 5.8 m: old alluvium - 15 / 15 Inverted truncated cone
Chua et al. [5] 0–2 m: loose sand (fill)2–3 m: soft clay3–10 m: medium dense to dense sand - 24–26/10–20 Inverted truncated cone
Sękowski et al. [27] 0–1.5 m: working platform (semi-dense medium sand)1.5–3.2 m: soft organic mud3.2–5.0 m: semi-dense medium sand 1.7–2.4 11 / 10 Inverted truncated cone
Gunaratne et al. [26] 0–1.2 m: working platform1.2–3.0 m: organic soilfrom 3.0 m: silty sand 2.46 4 / 12 Cylindrical
Kwiecień and Sękowski [23] various ground conditions (11 columns) 1.5–2.7 10.5–12.0 / 15–25 Cylindrical, Inverted truncated cone
Kwiecień [22], Kwiecień and Sękowski [24] various ground conditions (34 columns) 1.23–4.1 9–12 / 15–25 Inverted truncated cone, Barrel-shaped
Kwiecień [15] various ground conditions (65 columns) - 9–24 /15–25 End bearing columns: cylindrical, truncated cone, barrel, asymmetrical barrelFloating columns: cylindrical, barrel, inverted truncated cone

List of investigated columns, their diameters, lengths and technological information

Site No. Column Diameters of the column (Dcmin – Dcmax) Length of the column Hc Shape, diameter (Dp), height (Hp) and mass (Mp) of the pounder Number x height of the pounder drops/type, grading (d) and volume (V) of the aggregate
1. C1C2 2.00–2.242.00–2.28 2.00 m2.00 m Barrel-shaped,Dp = 1.05 m, Hp = 2.00 m,Mp = 11.50 Mg 1 x 5 m, 10 x 15 m, 1 x 5 mcrushed sandstoned = 0 – 400 mm, V = 8.0 m3
2. C3C4 1.60–2.501.70–2.50 2.50 m2.60 m Barrel-shaped,Dp = 1.00 m, Hp = 1.80 m,Mp = 9 Mg 1 x 5 m, 17 x 15 m, 1 x 5 m,blast furnace slagd = 10 – 120 mm, V = 9.5 m3
3. C5C6C7 1.70–2.471.80–2.391.80–2.40 2.90 m3.10 m3.40 m 1 x 5m, 22 x 15 m, 1 x 5 mblast furnace slagd = 10 – 120 mm, V = 11,5–13.0 m3
4. C8C9C10 1.40–2.391.90–2.271.50–2.26 3.20 m3.10 m3.50 m 1 x 5 m, 22 x 15 m, 1 x 5 mblast furnace slagd = 0 – 350 mm, V = 12.0 m3
5. C11C12 1.80–2.781.50–2.58 3.20 m3.20 m 1 x 5 m, 22 x 15 m, 1 x 5 mblast furnace slagd = 0 – 350 mm, V = 15.0 m3
6. C13C14 1.73 - 2.802.00 - 2.69 3.40 m3.40 m 1 x 5 m, 23 x 15 m, 1 x 5 mblast furnace slagd = 0 – 350 mm, V = 18.0 m3
7. C15C16 2.30 - 2.602.20 - 2.60 3.40 m3.50 m 1 x 5 m, 22 x 15 m, 1 x 5 m,blast furnace slagd = 0 – 350 mm, V = 17.0 m3
8. C17C18 1.50 - 2.741.50 - 2.68 3.80 m3.80 m 1 x 5 m, 22 x 15 m, 1 x 5 mblast furnace slagd = 0 – 350 mm, V = 18.0 m3

Details on the shapes of the columns, ratio of the thickness of the improved layer and the height of the pounder, the maximum and mean consistency indexes of the soil layers along at the column length and relations to the diameters of the column and of the pounder

Site No. Column Diameter variation / Shape Hs/Hp [-] Ic(min) [-] Ic(m) [-] Dcmax/Dp [-] Dcmin/Dp [-] Dcm/Dp [-] Dcmax/Dcmin [-]
1. C1 constant / cylindrical 0.85 0.56 0.56 2.13 1.90 2.04 1.12
C2 1.00 0.60 0.60 2.17 1.90 2.07 1.14
2. C3 increases with depth / truncated cone 1.39 0.42 0.54 2.50 1.60 2.08 1.56
C4 1.44 0.42 0.56 2.50 1.70 2.19 1.47
3. C5 the largest diameter at the bottom / asymmetrical barrel 1.56 0.58 0.58 2.47 1.70 2.20 1.45
C6 1.67 0.58 0.58 2.39 1.80 2.15 1.33
C7 1.83 0.58 0.58 2.40 1.80 2.17 1.33
4. C8 the largest diameter at the mid-length / barrel-shaped 1.77 0.50 0.50 2.39 1.40 2.09 1.71
C9 1.72 0.50 0.50 2.27 1.90 2.10 1.19
C10 1.94 0.50 0.50 2.26 1.50 1.99 1.51
5. C11 the largest diameter at the bottom / asymmetrical barrel 1.78 0.56 0.62 2.78 1.80 2.36 1.54
C12 1.78 0.52 0.66 2.58 1.50 2.27 1.72
6. C13 the largest diameter at barrelthe mid-length / 1.89 0.44 0.45 2.80 1.73 2.45 1.62
C14 1.89 0.44 0.45 2.69 2.00 2.45 1.35
7. C15 the largest diameter at the mid-length / 1.89 0.37 0.52 2.60 2.30 2.44 1.13
C16 1.94 0.37 0.51 2.60 2.20 2.38 1.18
8. C17 the largest diameter at the bottom / asymmetrical barrel 2.11 0.40 0.68 2.74 1.50 2.30 1.83
C18 2.11 0.30 0.54 2.68 1.50 2.37 1.79
eISSN:
2720-6947
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Architecture and Design, Architecture, Architects, Buildings
Journal RSS Feed