Clinical anatomy of the sphenoid bone and its terminology

1 Jaworek-Troć J, Zarzecki M, Bonczar A, Kaythampillai LN, Rutowicz B, Mazur M, Urbaniak J, Przybycień W, Piątek-Koziej K, Kuniewicz M, Lipski M, Kowalski W, Skrzat J, Loukas M, Walocha J. Sphenoid bone and its sinus – anatomo-clinical review of the literature including application to FESS. Folia Med Cracov. 2019;59(2):45-59; DOI:10.24425/fmc.2019.128453. Search in Google Scholar

2 Chmielewski PP. New Terminologia Anatomica: cranium and extracranial bones of the head. Folia Morphol. 2021;80(3):477-86; DOI:10.5603/FM.a2019.0129. Search in Google Scholar

3 Yamamoto M, Jin ZW, Hayashi S, Rodrí guez-Vázquez JF, Murakami G, Abe S. Association between the developing sphenoid and adult morphology: a study using sagittal sections of the skull base from human embryos and fetuses. J Anat. 2021;239(6):1300-17; DOI:10.1111/joa.13515. Search in Google Scholar

4 Yamamoto M, Abe H, Hirouchi H, Sato M, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe S. Development of the cartilaginous connecting apparatuses in the fetal sphenoid, with a focus on the alar process. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0251068; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0251068. Search in Google Scholar

5 Utsunomiya N, Katsube M, Yamaguchi Y, Yoneyama A, Morimoto N, Yamada S. The first 3D analysis of the sphenoid morphogenesis during the human embryonic period. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5259; DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-08972-w. Search in Google Scholar

6 Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis E. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(4):933-40; DOI:10.1227/01.neu.0000137330.02549. Search in Google Scholar

7 Yadav Y, Sachdev S, Parihar V, Namdev H, Bhatele P. Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoid surgery of pituitary adenoma. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2012;3(3):328-37; DOI:10.4103/0976-3147.102615. Search in Google Scholar

8 Elwany S, Elsaeid I, Thabet H. Endoscopic anatomy of the sphenoid sinus. J Laryngol Otol. 1999;113(2):122-26; DOI:10.1017/s0022215100143361. Search in Google Scholar

9 Unal B, Bademci G, Bilgili YK, Batay F, Avci E. Risky anatomic variations of sphenoid sinus for surgery. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28(2):195-201; DOI:10.1007/s00276-005-0073-9. Search in Google Scholar

10 Hewaidi G, Omami G. Anatomic variation of sphenoid sinus and related structures in Libyan population: CT scan study. Libyan J Med. 2008;3(3):128-33; DOI: 10.4176/080307 Search in Google Scholar

11 Zada G, Agarwalla PK, Mukundan S Jr, Dunn I, Golby AJ, Laws ER Jr. The neurosurgical anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and sellar floor in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(5):1319-30; DOI:10.3171/2010.11.JNS10768. Search in Google Scholar

12 Perondi GE, Isolan GR, de Aguiar PH, Stefani MA, Falcetta EF. Endoscopic anatomy of sellar region. Pituitary. 2013;16(2):251-59; DOI:10.1007/s11102-012-0413-9. Search in Google Scholar

13 Tekiner H, Acer N, Kelestimur F. Sella turcica: an anatomical, endocrinological, and historical perspective. Pituitary. 2015;18(4):575-8; DOI:10.1007/s11102-014-0609-2. Search in Google Scholar

14 Gibelli D, Cellina M, Gibelli S, Panzeri M, Oliva AG, Termine G, Sforza C. Sella turcica bridging and ossified carotico-clinoid ligament: correlation with sex and age. Neuroradiol J. 2018;31(3):299-304; DOI:10.1177/1971400917751036. Search in Google Scholar

15 Magat G, Ozcan Sener S. Morphometric analysis of the sella turcica in Turkish individuals with different dentofacial skeletal patterns. Folia Morphol. 2018;77(3):543-50; DOI:10.5603/FM.a2018.0022. Search in Google Scholar

16 Cuschieri A, Cuschieri S, Zammit C. Sella turcica bridging: a systematic review. Surg Radiol Anat. 2022;44(3):381-9; DOI:10.1007/s00276-021-02873-9. Search in Google Scholar

17 Iskra T, Stachera B, Możdżeń K, Murawska A, Ostrowski P, Bonczar M, Gregorczyk-Maga I, Walocha J, Koziej M, Wysiadecki G, Balawender K, Z ytkowski A. morphology of the sella turcica: a meta-analysis based on the results of 18,364 patients. Brain Sci. 2023;13(8):1208; DOI:10.3390/brainsci13081208. Search in Google Scholar

18 Harris FS, Rhoton AL. Anatomy of the cavernous sinus. A micro-surgical study. J Neurosurg. 1976;45(2):169-80; DOI:10.3171/jns.1976.45.2.0169. Search in Google Scholar

19 Campero A, Campero AA, Martins C, Yasuda A, Rhoton AL Jr. Surgical anatomy of the dural walls of the cavernous sinus. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(6):746-50; DOI:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.10.015. Search in Google Scholar

20 Bakan AA, Alkan A, Kurtcan S, Aralaşmak A, Tokdemir S, Mehdi E, O zdemir H. Cavernous sinus: a comprehensive review of its anatomy, pathologic conditions, and imaging features. Clin Neuroradiol. 2015;25(2):109-25; DOI:10.1007/s00062-014-0360-0. Search in Google Scholar

21 Ulutas M, Boyací S, Akakín A, Kílíç T, Aksoy K. Surgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, and orbital apex via a lateral orbitotomy approach: a cadaveric anatomical study. Acta Neurochir. 2016;158(11):2135-48; DOI:10.1007/s00701-016-2940-z. Search in Google Scholar

22 Mejia JA, Nova MP, Rairan LG. The rule of five: a novel anatomical landmark for approaching cavernous sinus content. Surg Neurol Int. 2023;14:269; DOI:10.25259/SNI_545_2023. Search in Google Scholar

23 Balcerzak A, Tubbs RS, Zielinska N, Olewnik Ł. Clinical analysis of cavernous sinus anatomy, pathologies, diagnostics, surgical management and complications – Comprehensive review. Ann Anat. 2023;245:152004; DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2022.152004. Search in Google Scholar

24 Raval BB, Singh PR, Rajguru J. A morphologic and morphometric study of foramen vesalius in dry adult human skulls of gujarat region. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(2):AC04-7; DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2015/11632.5553. Search in Google Scholar

25 Leonel LCPC, Peris-Celda M, de Sousa SDG, Haetinger RG, Liberti EA. The sphenoidal emissary foramen and the emissary vein: anatomy and clinical relevance. Clin Anat. 2020;33(5):767-81; DOI:10.1002/ca.23504. Search in Google Scholar

26 Peper C, Iwanaga J, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS. A giant foramen of Vesalius: case report. Anat Cell Biol. 2022;55(3):373-5; DOI:10.5115/acb.22.017. Search in Google Scholar

27 Piagkou M, Kostares M, Duparc F, Papanagiotou P, Politis C, Tsakotos G, Pantazis N, Natsis K. The sphenoidal emissary foramina prevalence: a meta-analysis of 6,369 subjects. Surg Radiol Anat. 2023;45(1):43-53; DOI:10.1007/s00276-022-03051-1. Search in Google Scholar

28 Kakizawa Y, Abe H, Fukushima Y, Hongo K, El-Khouly H, Rhoton AL Jr. The course of the lesser petrosal nerve on the middle cranial fossa. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(3 Suppl):15-23; DOI:10.1227/01. neu.0000289707.49684.a3. Search in Google Scholar

29 Kim HS, Kim DI, Chung IH. High-resolution CT of the pterygopalatine fossa and its communications. Neuroradiology. 1996;38 Suppl 1:S120-6; DOI:10.1007/BF02278138. Search in Google Scholar

30 Omami G, Hewaidi G, Mathew R. The neglected anatomical and clinical aspects of pterygoid canal: CT scan study. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33(8):697-702; DOI:10.1007/s00276-011-0808-8. Search in Google Scholar

31 Cheng Y, Gao H, Song G, Li Y, Zhao G. Anatomical study of pterygoid canal (PC) and palatovaginal canal (PVC) in endoscopic trans-sphenoidal approach. Surg Radiol Anat. 2016;38(5):541-9; DOI:10.1007/s00276-015-1597-2. Search in Google Scholar

32 Saran RS, Ananthi KS, Subramaniam A, Balaji MT, Vinaitha D, Vaithianathan G. Foramen of civinini: a new anatomical guide for maxillo-facial surgeons. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(7):1271-5; DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2013/5100.3115. Search in Google Scholar

33 Meng QG, Lu YT, Wang CX, Tan SP, Wei MH. Visualisation of the vomerovaginal canal during endonasal transpterygoid approaches and CT imaging diagnosis. J Anat. 2019;235(2):246-55; DOI:10.1111/joa.13009. Search in Google Scholar